Eye Disease Flashcards
highlights of eyedrops administration
contacts must be removed
pull eyelid back to form pocket
don’t touch eye with dropper
keep eye closed 1-3 min following administration
wait 10 minutes between administration of multiple drugs
nasal lacrimal occlusion
essential part of eye drop administration
cover the nasal lacrimal duct with index finger to prevent systemic absorption
decreases side effects and dose, allows for better drug potency
eye ointment administration highlights
warm ointment in hand 1-2 minutes
discard first .25 in of medication
close eye and don’t rub for 1-2 minutes
eye diseases
cataracts
macular degeneration
retinopathy
glaucoma
leading cause of blindness around the world
cataracts
cause of cataracts
aging **
also sunlight, smoking, family history, trauma, DM and steroid use
clinical features of cataracts
yellowing of the lens
myopic shift (brief improvement in near vision)
lost color discrimination and distant vision
cataracts pathophys
as lens ages, new layers are added
these layers compress lens nucleus and it becomes harder
yellowing of lens
cataracts dx and treatment
opthalmic exam (slit lamp, direct light) and decreased visual acuity
treatment: surgery (lens implant)
2 blood supplies to retina
choroidal blood vessels (outer retina, photoreceptors -75%)
central retinal artery (supplies central portion of retina)
retinopathy risk factors
DM
HTN
smoking
hyper cholesteremia
diabetic retinopathy (clinical features)
asymptomatic finding
loss of vision
diabetic retinopathy fundus exam findings
cotton wool patches
neovascularization
cotton wool patches
diabetic retinopathy
caused by infarcted nerve fibers
neovascularization
diabetic retinopathy
hypoxia of retina causes formation of new blood vessels in the eye
hypertensive retinopathy
asymptomatic but can have decreased vision
hypertensive retinopathy fundoscopic exam findings
papilledema
AV nicking
Retinal hemorrhages
AV nicking
hypertensive retinopathy
indentation in veins where there are arteries that cross
macular degeneration
degenerative changes to central retina
causes loss of central vision
macular degeneration risk factors
age family history female caucasian smoking
macular degeneration exam
ophthalmic exam shows scattered pale yellow spots
pharmacologic treatment of macular degeneration
ranibizumab/Lucentis
ranibizumab/Lucentis
Indication
neovascular macular degeneration
improves remaining vision, may preserve vision
ranibizumab/Lucentis
MOA
inhibits VEGF so REDUCES new blood vessel growth
via monthly eye injections
ranibizumab/Lucentis
ADR
increased IOP
Traumatic cataract
detached retina