Eye Disease Flashcards
What are the causes of conjunctivitis?
- In children = Bacterial or Allergic
- In adults = Viral or Allergic
What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial/viral conjunctivitis?
- Painful red eyes
- Lacrimation ± purulent discharge
- “Gritty eyes”
- No visual change
What are the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?
- Bilateral
- Pruritic
What are the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis in a neonate?
- <48hrs of life = discharge ± conjunctivitis, swelling eyelids
- Gonococcus
- 1-2w of life = discharge ± conjunctivitis, swelling eyelids ± pneumonia
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Be aware that it is sight-threatening
What are the appropriate investigations for suspected conjunctivitis?
- Bacterial → swab MC&S - staphylococcal or streptococcal
- Viral → rapid adenovirus immunoassay
- Neonate gonococcal infection → gram stain, culture
- Neonate chlamydia infection → immunofluorescent staining
What is the management of conjunctivitis?
- Most viral/bacterial infections are self-limiting
- Neonate gonococcal infection → immediate empirical treatment 3rd gen cephalosporin (i.e. ceftriaxone)
- Neonate chlamydia infection → oral erythromycin for 2 weeks
What is hypermetropia an myopia?
-
Hypermetropia = long sight → see long distance; rays focus behind retina
- Mild hypermetropia common in early childhood
-
Myopia = short sight → see short distance; rays focus in front of retina
- Uncommon in childhood, more common in teenagers
- Childhood conditions = pre-term refractive errors
- Uncommon in childhood, more common in teenagers
What is the management of hypermetropia an myopia?
- Hypermetropia = glasses → convex lens - make the eye look bigger
- Myopia = glasses → concave lens
What is retinopathy of prematurity?
Affects developing blood vessels at the junction of the vascularised and non-vascularised retina
- Vascular proliferation
- Retinal detachment
- Fibrosis
- Blindness
What are the signs and symptoms of retinopathy of prematurity?
- Unusual eye movements
- White pupils and vision loss
What is the management of retinopathy of prematurity?
- Screening in - LBW <1500g, or prematurity <32w gestation
- Laser photocoagulation or Cryotherapy
- Prognosis → severe bilateral visual impairment in 1% of LBW infants
- Mostly in infants <28w gestation
Define Strabismus.
Abnormal alignment of the eyes.
What are the types of strabismus?
- Non-paralytic - refractive error in one or more eye
- Paralytic - squinting eye could be caused by motor nerve paralysis or SOL → i.e. 3rd nerve palsy
What are the signs and symptoms of strabismus?
- Eyes look in different directions and do not focus simultaneously on a single point
- Diagnosed 1-4yo - normal in young infants before 6m
What is the management of strabismus?
- 1st line = Eyeglasses
- 2nd line = Eye patching
- 3rd line = Eye drops
- 4th line = Eye muscle surgery
- Must be before 8yo → brain connections can be rewired at this age
