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MICROBIOLOGY > Eye and mouth infection > Flashcards

Eye and mouth infection Flashcards

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1
Q

What divides the eye into anterior and posterior segments?

A

lens

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2
Q

What is the difference between aqueous and vitreous humor?

A

Aqueous humor is continuously produced whereas vitreous humour is formed in utero and is never regenerated.

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3
Q

What things can you examine during visual examination?

A

Intraocular pressure and visual acuity

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4
Q

What instruments are used to test out intraocular pressure and visual acuity?

A

Slit lamp and an inverted ophthalmoscope

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5
Q

What ordercanyou do a physical examination?

A

Starts with lids and then adnexae and then ending with the funduscopic examination.

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6
Q

List 4 eye infections and mouth infections?

A

Mouth-Stomatitis,Thrush,Salivary gland infection and Periodontal infection.
Eye-Microbial conjcutivitis,Infective keratitis,Uveitis and infectious endopthalmitis

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7
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the thin lining of the inner eyelid and front of the eyeball.
-Dilation of the conjunctival blood vessels seen.

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8
Q

Which group of people is affected by conjunctivitis?
And who is mostly at risk?

A

1.Males and female of all ages. but mostly children are affected.

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9
Q

In which group people are viral cases mostly seen ? And which virus is the most common cause of conjunctivitis?

A

In adults
Adenovirus

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10
Q

Risk factors of conjunctivitis?

A

1.Contact lens wear
2.Contaminated ocular infection
3.Vaginal versus caesarean delivery
4.Swimming
5.Visits to camps
6.Exposure to an infected person

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11
Q

Describe the diagnosis of conjunctivitis?

A

Signs and symptoms are used.
Lab diagnosis is not needed unless confirmation of microbial cause is needed-involves conjunctival scraping

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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Itching
Light sensitivity
Pink color
Swelling
Preauricular lymphadenopathy
Secretions
Discharge

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13
Q

What are the viral causes of conjunctivitis?
And what is the most common cause.

A

Adenovirus(Most common)
herpes simplex virus (HSV),
picornavirus,
EBV
Mumps
Influenza virus
and herpes zoster virus

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14
Q

What are the causes of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus species,
Moraxella,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
Neisseria species, and enteric gram-negative rods.

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15
Q

What is the cause of gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Neisseira gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

What is the drug used to treat gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Ceftriaxone

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17
Q

What are the causes of Chlamdyial conjunctivitis?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

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18
Q

How does chlamydial conjunctivitis occur?

A

It is unilateral and have concurrent genital infection

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19
Q

What antibiotics are used in Chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Azithromycin and doxycycline

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20
Q

Which serotypes of Chlamydia Trachomatis cause Trachoma.

A

Serotypes A,B and C

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21
Q

How many countries is trachoma endemic in

A

42 countries

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22
Q

Which group of people is at risk of getting trachoma and where do they get it from?

A

Preschool children,they get it from family members

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23
Q

What do repeated infections cause?

A

the eyelashes to turn inwards leading to scarring and blindness

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24
Q

How many people have been blinded by trachoma?

A

1.9 million

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25
Q

How many countries have been declared by WHO to have eliminated trachoma and when?

A

15 countries
as of the 5th of October 2022

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26
Q

What are the 4 stages of trachoma?Describe each stage.

A

1.Trachomatous inflammation follicular
2.Trachomatous inflammation intense
3.Trachomatous conjunctival scarring
4.Trachomatous trichiasis
5.Corneal opacity

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27
Q

Describ Trachomatous inflammation follicular .

A

five or more follicles of larger than 0.5 mm on upper tarsal conjunctiva

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28
Q

Describe Trachomatous inflammation intense (TI)

A

inflammatory thickening
obscuring more than half the normal deep tarsal vessels

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29
Q

Describe trachomatous conjunctival scarring.

A

presence of easily visible scars in the tarsal conjunctiva

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30
Q

Describe Trachomatous trichiasis.

A

at least one eyelash rubbing on the eyeball or evidence of recent removal of in-turned eyelashes

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31
Q

Describe corneal opacity?

A

corneal opacity blurring part of pupil margin

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32
Q

What is the SAFE STRATEGY?

A

It is a strategy that aimsto stop the spread of blinding trachoma through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvements

33
Q

When’s SAFE Strategy initiated?

A

1993

34
Q

Which manufacturer supplies antibiotics?

A

Pfizer

35
Q

What antibiotics are administered in the SAFE strategy?

A

Erythromycin and tetracycline for 5days repeatedly
Single dose of Azithromycin

36
Q

What is infectious keratitis?

A

Infection of the cornea

37
Q

Why is an important infection?

A

It is the most common cause of visual impairment in working age of adults.

38
Q

Risk factors of infectious Keratitis?

A

1.Contact lenses
2.Corneal Abrasions
3.Physical and chemical trauma
4.Refractive Surgery
5.Diaetes
6.Immunosuppressive diseases
7.Topical steroids.

39
Q

Fungal causes of infectious keratitis?

A

Candida spp and Blastomyces spp

40
Q

Parasitic causes of infectious keratitis?

A

African sleeping sickness
Leshmaniasis
Cryptosporidia

41
Q

What microbes cause bacterial keratitis?

A

1.S. aureus
2.Coagulase -negative staphylococci
3.S.pneumoniae
4.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

42
Q

Symptoms of Bacterial Keratitis?

A

Pain
Decreased vision
Tearing
itching
photophobia

43
Q

Signs of bacterial keratitis

A

Redness,discharge,epithelial ulcers corneal infiltrates

44
Q

How do you diagnose for bacterial keratitis? And what kind of antibiotics are administered during diagnosis?

A

Slit lamp examination and corneal scrapings
Empirical antibiotics

45
Q

What is the mainstay treatment in Bacterial keratitis?

A

Topical antibiotics

46
Q

What is the global incidence of herpes simplex keratitis?

A

1.5 million/year

47
Q

What are the two forms of herpes simplex keratitis?

A

it could be primary or recurrent depending on whether it is the patient’s first episode

48
Q

What must you ask a patient on diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis?

A

For a history of cold sores

49
Q

What treatment is given to a patient with Herpes Simplex Keratitis?

A

Oral antivirals -aciclovir,valaciclovir
Topical steroids

50
Q

What is infectious endophthalmitis?

A

inflammation inside the eye that can be caused by infection with microbes, including bacteria or fungi

51
Q

Risk factors of Infectious endophthalmitis.

A
  1. Cataract surgery,
    2.intravitreal injections trauma,
    3.filtering bleb (for glaucoma),
    4.corneal infection,
    5.bacteraemia or fungemia
52
Q

What are the most common microorganisms involved in infective endophthalmitis?

A

1.Coagulase negative staphylococci
2.S. Aureus
3.Streptococci
4.Gram-negative bacilli

53
Q

Clinical features of infective endophthalmitis

A

1.Pain
2.Redness
3.Decreases vision
4.Hypopyon

54
Q

Describe medication given to a patient with infective endophthalmitis?

A

1.Intravitreal antibiotics e.g ceftazidime or vancomycin injected by an opthalmologist
2.Vitrectomy may be beneficial to avoid loss of vision
3.Systemic antibiotics may be given

55
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body and choroid

56
Q

What are the different types of uveitis?

A

1.Anterior
2.Intermediate (pars planitis)
3.Posterior (retinitis, choroiditis)
4.Panuveitis usually TB or syphilis

57
Q

What causes anterior uveitis?

A

Usually viral (HSV)

58
Q

Causes of uveitis?

A

CMV
Toxoplamosis
Lyme disease
Brucellosis
leprosy

59
Q

Describe diagnosis of uveitis

A

1.Clinical
2.Laboratory findings, culture of vitreous humour and even PCR
3.Serological tests can be used to rule out causes

60
Q

List 3 infections of the eyelid?

A

1.Hordeolum
2.Chalazon
3.Marginal Blepharitis

61
Q

What is Hordeolum? And what causes it?

A

Acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the lid
Usually Staphylococcus aureus

62
Q

What is Chalazion?

A

a sterile granulomatous reaction to inspissated sebum within an obstructed meibomian gland

63
Q

What is Marginal Blepharitis?

A

is a diffuse inflammation of the lid margins

64
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Oral mucous membrane inflammation

65
Q

What is the primary agent of this disease?

A

HSV

66
Q

Which group of people is at risk of getting Stomatitis?

A

Immunocompromised individuals

67
Q

Appearance of Stomatitis?

A

lesions are painful and can be found in the mouth and in the oropharynx

68
Q

Which group of people is affected by thrush?

A

Immunosuppressed patients including very young infants

69
Q

What can thrush extend into?

A

Pharyngitis and esophagitis

70
Q

Appearance of thrush?

A

whitish patches of exudate on an area of inflammation are observed on the buccal (cheek) mucosa, tongue, or oropharynx.

71
Q

What medication is used for Thrush?

A

Nystatin drops

72
Q

What are three types of Periodontal infections?

A

1.Root canal infections
2.orofacial odontogenic infections, with or without osteomyelitis (inflammation of a bone)
3.perimandibular space infections

73
Q

Causes of Periodontal infections

A

1.Anaerobic bacteria
2.Streptococci
3.Staphylococci
4.Eikenella corrodens

74
Q

Name a salivary gland infection.

A

Acute suppurative Parotitis

75
Q

In which group of people are acute suppurative parotitis?

A

Very ill patients, especially those who are dehydrated, malnourished, elderly, or recovering from surgery

76
Q

Apperance of salivary gland infection?

A

Painful, tender swelling of the parotid gland

77
Q

Bacterial causes of Salivary gland infection.

A

1.Staphylococcus aureus
2. Enterobacteriaceae
3.Other GNBs

78
Q

Viral causes of Viral Parotitis?

A

Mumps
Enterovirus
influenza virus

MICROBIOLOGY (3 decks)

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