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MICROBIOLOGY > Eye and mouth infection > Flashcards

Eye and mouth infection Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the eye into anterior and posterior segments?

A

lens

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2
Q

What is the difference between aqueous and vitreous humor?

A

Aqueous humor is continuously produced whereas vitreous humour is formed in utero and is never regenerated.

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3
Q

What things can you examine during visual examination?

A

Intraocular pressure and visual acuity

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4
Q

What instruments are used to test out intraocular pressure and visual acuity?

A

Slit lamp and an inverted ophthalmoscope

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5
Q

What ordercanyou do a physical examination?

A

Starts with lids and then adnexae and then ending with the funduscopic examination.

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6
Q

List 4 eye infections and mouth infections?

A

Mouth-Stomatitis,Thrush,Salivary gland infection and Periodontal infection.
Eye-Microbial conjcutivitis,Infective keratitis,Uveitis and infectious endopthalmitis

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7
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the thin lining of the inner eyelid and front of the eyeball.
-Dilation of the conjunctival blood vessels seen.

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8
Q

Which group of people is affected by conjunctivitis?
And who is mostly at risk?

A

1.Males and female of all ages. but mostly children are affected.

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9
Q

In which group people are viral cases mostly seen ? And which virus is the most common cause of conjunctivitis?

A

In adults
Adenovirus

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10
Q

Risk factors of conjunctivitis?

A

1.Contact lens wear
2.Contaminated ocular infection
3.Vaginal versus caesarean delivery
4.Swimming
5.Visits to camps
6.Exposure to an infected person

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11
Q

Describe the diagnosis of conjunctivitis?

A

Signs and symptoms are used.
Lab diagnosis is not needed unless confirmation of microbial cause is needed-involves conjunctival scraping

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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Itching
Light sensitivity
Pink color
Swelling
Preauricular lymphadenopathy
Secretions
Discharge

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13
Q

What are the viral causes of conjunctivitis?
And what is the most common cause.

A

Adenovirus(Most common)
herpes simplex virus (HSV),
picornavirus,
EBV
Mumps
Influenza virus
and herpes zoster virus

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14
Q

What are the causes of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus species,
Moraxella,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
Neisseria species, and enteric gram-negative rods.

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15
Q

What is the cause of gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Neisseira gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

What is the drug used to treat gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Ceftriaxone

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17
Q

What are the causes of Chlamdyial conjunctivitis?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

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18
Q

How does chlamydial conjunctivitis occur?

A

It is unilateral and have concurrent genital infection

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19
Q

What antibiotics are used in Chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Azithromycin and doxycycline

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20
Q

Which serotypes of Chlamydia Trachomatis cause Trachoma.

A

Serotypes A,B and C

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21
Q

How many countries is trachoma endemic in

A

42 countries

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22
Q

Which group of people is at risk of getting trachoma and where do they get it from?

A

Preschool children,they get it from family members

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23
Q

What do repeated infections cause?

A

the eyelashes to turn inwards leading to scarring and blindness

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24
Q

How many people have been blinded by trachoma?

A

1.9 million

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25
How many countries have been declared by WHO to have eliminated trachoma and when?
15 countries as of the 5th of October 2022
26
What are the 4 stages of trachoma?Describe each stage.
1.Trachomatous inflammation follicular 2.Trachomatous inflammation intense 3.Trachomatous conjunctival scarring 4.Trachomatous trichiasis 5.Corneal opacity
27
Describ Trachomatous inflammation follicular .
five or more follicles of larger than 0.5 mm on upper tarsal conjunctiva
28
Describe Trachomatous inflammation intense (TI)
inflammatory thickening obscuring more than half the normal deep tarsal vessels
29
Describe trachomatous conjunctival scarring.
presence of easily visible scars in the tarsal conjunctiva
30
Describe Trachomatous trichiasis.
at least one eyelash rubbing on the eyeball or evidence of recent removal of in-turned eyelashes
31
Describe corneal opacity?
corneal opacity blurring part of pupil margin
32
What is the SAFE STRATEGY?
It is a strategy that aims to stop the spread of blinding trachoma through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvements
33
When's SAFE Strategy initiated?
1993
34
Which manufacturer supplies antibiotics?
Pfizer
35
What antibiotics are administered in the SAFE strategy?
Erythromycin and tetracycline for 5days repeatedly Single dose of Azithromycin
36
What is infectious keratitis?
Infection of the cornea
37
Why is an important infection?
It is the most common cause of visual impairment in working age of adults.
38
Risk factors of infectious Keratitis?
1.Contact lenses 2.Corneal Abrasions 3.Physical and chemical trauma 4.Refractive Surgery 5.Diaetes 6.Immunosuppressive diseases 7.Topical steroids.
39
Fungal causes of infectious keratitis?
Candida spp and Blastomyces spp
40
Parasitic causes of infectious keratitis?
African sleeping sickness Leshmaniasis Cryptosporidia
41
What microbes cause bacterial keratitis?
1.S. aureus 2.Coagulase -negative staphylococci 3.S.pneumoniae 4.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
42
Symptoms of Bacterial Keratitis?
Pain Decreased vision Tearing itching photophobia
43
Signs of bacterial keratitis
Redness,discharge,epithelial ulcers corneal infiltrates
44
How do you diagnose for bacterial keratitis? And what kind of antibiotics are administered during diagnosis?
Slit lamp examination and corneal scrapings Empirical antibiotics
45
What is the mainstay treatment in Bacterial keratitis?
Topical antibiotics
46
What is the global incidence of herpes simplex keratitis?
1.5 million/year
47
What are the two forms of herpes simplex keratitis?
it could be primary or recurrent depending on whether it is the patient's first episode
48
What must you ask a patient on diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis?
For a history of cold sores
49
What treatment is given to a patient with Herpes Simplex Keratitis?
Oral antivirals -aciclovir,valaciclovir Topical steroids
50
What is infectious endophthalmitis?
inflammation inside the eye that can be caused by infection with microbes, including bacteria or fungi
51
Risk factors of Infectious endophthalmitis.
1. Cataract surgery, 2.intravitreal injections trauma, 3.filtering bleb (for glaucoma), 4.corneal infection, 5.bacteraemia or fungemia
52
What are the most common microorganisms involved in infective endophthalmitis?
1.Coagulase negative staphylococci 2.S. Aureus 3.Streptococci 4.Gram-negative bacilli
53
Clinical features of infective endophthalmitis
1.Pain 2.Redness 3.Decreases vision 4.Hypopyon
54
Describe medication given to a patient with infective endophthalmitis?
1.Intravitreal antibiotics e.g ceftazidime or vancomycin injected by an opthalmologist 2.Vitrectomy may be beneficial to avoid loss of vision 3.Systemic antibiotics may be given
55
What is uveitis?
Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body and choroid
56
What are the different types of uveitis?
1.Anterior 2.Intermediate (pars planitis) 3.Posterior (retinitis, choroiditis) 4.Panuveitis usually TB or syphilis
57
What causes anterior uveitis?
Usually viral (HSV)
58
Causes of uveitis?
CMV Toxoplamosis Lyme disease Brucellosis leprosy
59
Describe diagnosis of uveitis
1.Clinical 2.Laboratory findings, culture of vitreous humour and even PCR 3.Serological tests can be used to rule out causes
60
List 3 infections of the eyelid?
1.Hordeolum 2.Chalazon 3.Marginal Blepharitis
61
What is Hordeolum? And what causes it?
Acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the lid Usually Staphylococcus aureus
62
What is Chalazion?
a sterile granulomatous reaction to inspissated sebum within an obstructed meibomian gland
63
What is Marginal Blepharitis?
is a diffuse inflammation of the lid margins
64
What is stomatitis?
Oral mucous membrane inflammation
65
What is the primary agent of this disease?
HSV
66
Which group of people is at risk of getting Stomatitis?
Immunocompromised individuals
67
Appearance of Stomatitis?
lesions are painful and can be found in the mouth and in the oropharynx
68
Which group of people is affected by thrush?
Immunosuppressed patients including very young infants
69
What can thrush extend into?
Pharyngitis and esophagitis
70
Appearance of thrush?
whitish patches of exudate on an area of inflammation are observed on the buccal (cheek) mucosa, tongue, or oropharynx.
71
What medication is used for Thrush?
Nystatin drops
72
What are three types of Periodontal infections?
1.Root canal infections 2.orofacial odontogenic infections, with or without osteomyelitis (inflammation of a bone) 3.perimandibular space infections
73
Causes of Periodontal infections
1.Anaerobic bacteria 2.Streptococci 3.Staphylococci 4.Eikenella corrodens
74
Name a salivary gland infection.
Acute suppurative Parotitis
75
In which group of people are acute suppurative parotitis?
Very ill patients, especially those who are dehydrated, malnourished, elderly, or recovering from surgery
76
Apperance of salivary gland infection?
Painful, tender swelling of the parotid gland
77
Bacterial causes of Salivary gland infection.
1.Staphylococcus aureus 2. Enterobacteriaceae 3.Other GNBs
78
Viral causes of Viral Parotitis?
Mumps Enterovirus influenza virus

MICROBIOLOGY (3 decks)

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