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Spot test 2 control > eye and ear SDL > Flashcards

eye and ear SDL Flashcards

1
Q

what strutures does light pass through to reach the retinal photoreceptors

A

cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitrous jelly, fovea

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2
Q

what and where is the conjunctiva and function

A

thin membrane, coats the inside of the eyelids - lubricates the eye, involved in immune system (passively)

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3
Q

function of sclera

A

attachment for muscles, protection from injury

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4
Q

function of iris

A

controls the amount of light entering eye

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5
Q

what is the nerve supply to the sphincter pupillae muscle

A

CN3

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6
Q

what does the constriction of the ciliary body do?

A

lens becomes more rounded and powerful

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7
Q

what are cataracts

A

clouding of the lens

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8
Q

Other than Lens control what else is the ciliary body involved with>

A

production of aqueous humour

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9
Q

what does aqueous humour do?

A

helps to maintain shape or cornea, and refractive properties of the eye

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10
Q

what is glaucoma

A

progressive optic neropathy cause by problems with drainage of aqueous humour

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11
Q

what are the functions of the choroid layer of the eyeball

A

provide o2 and nutrients to the outer later of retina

limit uncontrolled reflection in the eye

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12
Q

what is contained in the retina

A

outer pigment cell layer - single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells with melanin filled microvilli extending from inner surface
multi layered neural retina

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13
Q

where do the axons of the retinal ganglion converge?

A

optic disk/papilla - then turn outwards to form optic nerve

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14
Q

what is papilloedema

A

optic disk swelling caused by increased intracranial pressure

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15
Q

causes of papilloeadma

A

epidural tumour, extradural tumour, increased CSF, hydrocephalus, craniosynostosis

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16
Q

where is the macula lutea

A

yellow pigmented zone lateral to the optic disk - in the centre is the FOVEA

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17
Q

how is the fovea specialised for visual activity

A

high density of cones

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18
Q

where do the blood vessels that supply the retinal cells lie

A

choroid - continuous with iris and ciliary body anteriorly

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19
Q

what is a detached retina

A

retina becomes detached from choroid - risk of permanent visual damage

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20
Q

What is the function of - Tympanic Membrane

A

sound waves –> ossicles

focuses sound

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21
Q

What is the function of - ossicles

A

lever arm factor 1.3 - transfer from air to liquid form

22
Q

What is the function of - oval window

A

14 foldd smaller than tympanic membrane - pressure gain of 18.1 x

23
Q

What is the function of - round window

A

vibrates in anti phase to the oval window to allow liquid to move

24
Q

What is the function of - auditory tube

A

connects middle to nasopharanx to allow pressure to remain constant with external conditions

25
Q

what is the external auditory canal lined by

A

ear wax producing skin

26
Q

how does ear wax move down the canal and what is it made of

A

jaw movements
secretions of cerminous and sebaceous glands, skin cells and hair, long chain fatty acids, alcohols, squalene and cholesterol

27
Q

what is the function of the chorda tympani

A

special sensory fibres to anterior 2/3 of tongue

presynaptic parasympathetic fibres to submandibular ganglion

28
Q

what is the middle ear

A

air filled chamber, containing ossicles, lined by respiratory epithelium

29
Q

what connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

eustachian tube

30
Q

what connects the middle ear posteriorly to the mastoid air cells

A

mastoid antrum

31
Q

what are complications of a middle ear infection

A

meningitis, sigmoid sinus thromobis and brain abscess

due to direct expansion, thrombophlebitis, hematogenous dissemination

32
Q

why is facial nerve damage a potential complications of middle ear infection

A

formation of cholesteatoma (inc in keratinising squamous cells in the middle ear) can damage CNVII

33
Q

Tensor Tympani - nerve supply, function

A

Tensor Tympani Nerve CNVIII

dampens noise caused by chewing tenses the tympanic membrane to dampen vibration in ossicles

34
Q

Stapedius Muscle *smallest in body - nerve supply, function

A

Nerve to Strapedius - CNII

Stops excessive movement of Stapes, helps control amplitude of sound waves

35
Q

where is the inner ear

A

cavity within the Petrous temporal bone

36
Q

what is the fluid in the inner ear called

A

perilymph

37
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth

A

a epithelial sac - filled with endolymph

38
Q

3 sensory receptors in the wall of the membranous labyrinth

A

maculae - vestibular receptor
christae ampullaris - vestibular receptor
spiral organ (organ of Corti) - auditory receptors

39
Q

where is the maculae located in the membranous labyrinth

A

utricle and saccule of vestibule

40
Q

the Maculae are involved with what type of sensory info?

A

regarding the position of the head in space - important for balance

41
Q

where in the membranous labyrinth are the Chrisae Ampullaris located

A

end of semicircular canal - arise for vestuble

42
Q

what do the christae ampullaris do?

A

give sensory info about the direction and speed of movement of the head

43
Q

what can injury to peripheral vestibular system cause?

A

nystagmus and vertigo

44
Q

what is nystagmus

A

involuntary eye movement

45
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

specalised region of the wall of the cochlear duct within the snail-shell shaped bony choclea

46
Q

what does the bony cochlea and enclosed cochlear duct contain

A

after spirallingg 2.5 times round central axis of the bone, the central region encloses the spiral ganglion made up of cell bodies from 1st order auditory neurones

47
Q

explain how the organ of corti works?

A

Fluid movement in the inner ear caused the basilar membrane to vibrate
points of the basilar membrane vibrates maximally in response to sound of a certain frequency
vibration of basilar membrane cause hairs (sterecilia) to deform against overlying gelatinous tectorial membrane
causes depolarisation of sensory hair cells - generates action potential

48
Q

where is high frequency sound maximally responded to

A

base of cochlea

49
Q

where is low frequency sound maximally responded to

A

apex of membrane

50
Q

where are the cell bodies of the sensory fibres that contact hair cells

A

in the spiral cochlea ganglion - found in the models (central axis) of the cochlea

51
Q

what crania nerve do these first order sensoory fibres join and where does the nerve enter the brainstem

A

vestibulocochlear (CNVIII)

pontine medulla junction

Spot test 2 control (3 decks)

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