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CPO Exam > Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

Layer consisting of sclera and cornea

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2
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

Layer responsible for nourishment consisting of iris, choroid, and ciliary body

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3
Q

Nervous Tunic

A

Consists of retina, including rods/cones, neurons

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4
Q

Rods

A

Do not discriminate between colors (for twilight and dim times)– 120 million rods on retina

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5
Q

Cones

A

Can distinguish colors, 6 million towards center of macula (the fovea)

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6
Q

Fovea

A

Center of macula where cones are centralized

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7
Q

Optic Disc

A

“Blind spot” where optic nerve enters the eye

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8
Q

What are the 3 fluid filled chambers of the eye?

A
  1. Anterior chamber
  2. Posterior chamber
  3. Vitreous chamber
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9
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Chamber between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor

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10
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Chamber between iris and lens

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11
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Chamber between lenses and retina– filled with gel like substance thicker

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12
Q

5 layers of the cornea IN ORDER

A
  1. Epithelium: outer most layer
  2. Bowman’s Membrane: Protective layer
  3. Stroma: 90% of thickness
  4. Desemets Membrane
  5. Endothelium: removes water, keeping cornea clear
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13
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye that controls pupil size

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14
Q

Iris dilator muscle

A

Opens iris allowing more light in

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15
Q

Iris Sphincter muscle

A

Closes iris

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16
Q

Ciliary body

A

muscles that control the movement of the cyrstalline lens

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17
Q

Contracted ciliary body

A

allows lens to thicken for up close vision

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18
Q

Lacrimal Gland Location

A

Underneath the outer part of upper eyelid

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19
Q

Lacrimal Gland Function

A

To produce tears to moisten eye and flush foreign bodies

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20
Q

Nasolacrimal Gland

A

Drains tears (inner corner of eye)

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21
Q

Function of Eyelids/Eyelashes

A

To protect against foreign bodies and keep bright light from penetrating eyes, blinking keeps the eye moist over the entire surface

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22
Q

Conjunctiva

A

thin, transparent layer that protects against bacteria and foreign materials (has visible blood vessels)

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23
Q

Sclera

A

White layer of eye visible in mirror- tough leather like tissue also extends around back of eye, giving eye the spherical structure

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24
Q

Astigmatism

A

Causes blurred vision due to irregular cornea shape OR curvature of lens

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25
What causes blurred vision with an astigmatism?
Odd shape causes light to not focus properly on the retina causing blurred vision at any distance
26
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
27
Hyperopia
Farsightedness-- distant objects seen clearly but close up objects appear blurry
28
What causes hyperopia?
Eyeball is too short or curvature is too little so light entering eye is not focused properly
29
Myopia
Nearsightedness-- close objects clear but distant objects are blurry
30
What causes Myopia?
Eyeball to long or curvature of cornea too much
31
Amblyopia
Lazy eye-- caused by development early in life --- leading cause of decreased vision among children
32
Treatment for amblyopia
Glasses, contacts, eye patch therapy
33
Convergence
eyes unable to work together leading to double vision or blurred vision
34
Cause of Glaucoma
Damage to the eyes optic nerve, usually inherited and starts later in life
35
Presentation of Glaucoma
Increased pressure in the eye because drainage canal is blocked
36
Four types of Glaucoma
1. Chronic open angle 2. Acute Closed- Angle 3. Secondary 4. Normal-Tension
37
Macular Degeneration
Irregularity in center of retina (the macula)
38
Macula
Center of retina responsible for acute vision
39
What does damaged macula look like?
Yellow spots on picture in the center of the retina (macula)
40
Aqueous Humor
watery clear fluid fills PART of posterior chamber and ALL of anterior chamber, provides nutrients, carries away waste, maintains intraocular pressure
41
Choroid
blood vessels that nourish retina
42
Ciliary Muscle
Controls accommodation (focusing of lens) by altering shape on lens
43
Palpebral Conjunctiva
lines the lids, clear cellophane-like tissue
44
Bulbar Conjunctiva
Lines the sclera, clear cellophane-like tissue
45
Cornea
Most anterior (front) portion of the eye
46
Function of Cornea?
To refract/focus light (more curved that the rest of globe)
47
Limbus
Junction of sclera and cornea
48
Does cornea have blood vessels?
No, it is avascular
49
Crystalline Lens
Focusing power for eye, allows distance to near focus, second most refractive power (cornea is #1)
50
Name the 6 Extraocular Muscles
1. Medial rectus 2. Inferior rectus 3. Lateral rectus 4. Superior rectus 5. Superior oblique 6. Inferior oblique
51
Medical Rectus
Turns eye towards nose (adduction)
52
Which eye muscle is most powerful?
Medial rectus
53
Inferior Rectus
Turns eye downward (depression), also adducts the eye, also extorsion
54
Extorsion
Rotating top of eye towards temple and bottom of eye towards nose
55
Adduction
Moving eye towards nose
56
Depression
Moving eye downward
57
Lateral Rectus
Moves eye AWAY from nose (abduction)
58
Superior Rectus
Moves eye UPWARDS (elevation), also abducts eye, intorsion
59
Abduction
Moving eye away from nose
60
Elevation
Moving eye upwards
61
Intorsion
rotating top of eye towards nose and bottom towards temple
62
Superior oblique
Intorsion (primary) , abductions, depression
63
Inferior Oblique
extorsion (primary), abduction, elevation
64
Fovea Centralis
1.5mm area in macula with SHARPEST vision (most cones-- responsible for daytime/color vision)
65
Fundus
Interior surface of eyeball
66
Iris
colored part of eye
67
How many muscles does iris have and names of muscles?
2-- Sphincter and dilator muscles
68
Sphincter muscle
controls size of pupil (makes smaller)
69
Dilator muscle
controls size of pupil (makes larger)
70
Lens
Transparent part of eye that focuses light my changing curvature of front surface (directly behind pupil)
71
Macula
central part of retina
72
Function of macula
used to see detail-- 3-5mm in diameter (fovea in center)
73
Ocular Adnexa
All the stuff around eye (eyelids, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, plates, muscles, conjuctiva
74
Optic Disk
Appearance of optic nerve when viewed through pupil
75
What corresponds to blind spot?
Optic disk
76
What is optic disk looked at for?
To determine healthiness of nerve itself
77
Optic Nerve
Nerve that carries impulses from retina to the brain-- from rods/cones------> brain
78
Orbit
bony socket that contains eye and accessory organs, walls are thin and can be damaged by injury
79
Pupil
round hole center of iris (light passes through it)
80
Retina
Seeing part of eye, light focused here,
81
How does retina work?
images fall on the nerve and impulses transmit to brain via optic nerve (interpreted in brain)
82
Sclera
White portion of eye
83
Purpose of Sclera
gives shape to eye and structure to eyeball
84
Sinuses
Air spaces within the bones
85
What causes sinus issues?
poor drainage, infection, cancerous enlargements may cause headaches, pain around eyes, pain from eye
86
Suspensory Ligaments
long, thin, fibers that connect lens to ciliary muscles
87
Vitreous Humor
thick, clear, jelly-like substance fills eye between lens and retina (keeps eye round)

CPO Exam (3 decks)

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