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CPO Exam > Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

Layer consisting of sclera and cornea

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2
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

Layer responsible for nourishment consisting of iris, choroid, and ciliary body

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3
Q

Nervous Tunic

A

Consists of retina, including rods/cones, neurons

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4
Q

Rods

A

Do not discriminate between colors (for twilight and dim times)– 120 million rods on retina

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5
Q

Cones

A

Can distinguish colors, 6 million towards center of macula (the fovea)

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6
Q

Fovea

A

Center of macula where cones are centralized

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7
Q

Optic Disc

A

“Blind spot” where optic nerve enters the eye

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8
Q

What are the 3 fluid filled chambers of the eye?

A
  1. Anterior chamber
  2. Posterior chamber
  3. Vitreous chamber
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9
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Chamber between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor

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10
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Chamber between iris and lens

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11
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Chamber between lenses and retina– filled with gel like substance thicker

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12
Q

5 layers of the cornea IN ORDER

A
  1. Epithelium: outer most layer
  2. Bowman’s Membrane: Protective layer
  3. Stroma: 90% of thickness
  4. Desemets Membrane
  5. Endothelium: removes water, keeping cornea clear
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13
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye that controls pupil size

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14
Q

Iris dilator muscle

A

Opens iris allowing more light in

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15
Q

Iris Sphincter muscle

A

Closes iris

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16
Q

Ciliary body

A

muscles that control the movement of the cyrstalline lens

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17
Q

Contracted ciliary body

A

allows lens to thicken for up close vision

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18
Q

Lacrimal Gland Location

A

Underneath the outer part of upper eyelid

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19
Q

Lacrimal Gland Function

A

To produce tears to moisten eye and flush foreign bodies

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20
Q

Nasolacrimal Gland

A

Drains tears (inner corner of eye)

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21
Q

Function of Eyelids/Eyelashes

A

To protect against foreign bodies and keep bright light from penetrating eyes, blinking keeps the eye moist over the entire surface

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22
Q

Conjunctiva

A

thin, transparent layer that protects against bacteria and foreign materials (has visible blood vessels)

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23
Q

Sclera

A

White layer of eye visible in mirror- tough leather like tissue also extends around back of eye, giving eye the spherical structure

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24
Q

Astigmatism

A

Causes blurred vision due to irregular cornea shape OR curvature of lens

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25
Q

What causes blurred vision with an astigmatism?

A

Odd shape causes light to not focus properly on the retina causing blurred vision at any distance

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26
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

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27
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness– distant objects seen clearly but close up objects appear blurry

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28
Q

What causes hyperopia?

A

Eyeball is too short or curvature is too little so light entering eye is not focused properly

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29
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness– close objects clear but distant objects are blurry

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30
Q

What causes Myopia?

A

Eyeball to long or curvature of cornea too much

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31
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye– caused by development early in life — leading cause of decreased vision among children

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32
Q

Treatment for amblyopia

A

Glasses, contacts, eye patch therapy

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33
Q

Convergence

A

eyes unable to work together leading to double vision or blurred vision

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34
Q

Cause of Glaucoma

A

Damage to the eyes optic nerve, usually inherited and starts later in life

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35
Q

Presentation of Glaucoma

A

Increased pressure in the eye because drainage canal is blocked

36
Q

Four types of Glaucoma

A
  1. Chronic open angle
  2. Acute Closed- Angle
  3. Secondary
  4. Normal-Tension
37
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Irregularity in center of retina (the macula)

38
Q

Macula

A

Center of retina responsible for acute vision

39
Q

What does damaged macula look like?

A

Yellow spots on picture in the center of the retina (macula)

40
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

watery clear fluid fills PART of posterior chamber and ALL of anterior chamber, provides nutrients, carries away waste, maintains intraocular pressure

41
Q

Choroid

A

blood vessels that nourish retina

42
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Controls accommodation (focusing of lens) by altering shape on lens

43
Q

Palpebral Conjunctiva

A

lines the lids, clear cellophane-like tissue

44
Q

Bulbar Conjunctiva

A

Lines the sclera, clear cellophane-like tissue

45
Q

Cornea

A

Most anterior (front) portion of the eye

46
Q

Function of Cornea?

A

To refract/focus light (more curved that the rest of globe)

47
Q

Limbus

A

Junction of sclera and cornea

48
Q

Does cornea have blood vessels?

A

No, it is avascular

49
Q

Crystalline Lens

A

Focusing power for eye, allows distance to near focus, second most refractive power (cornea is #1)

50
Q

Name the 6 Extraocular Muscles

A
  1. Medial rectus
  2. Inferior rectus
  3. Lateral rectus
  4. Superior rectus
  5. Superior oblique
  6. Inferior oblique
51
Q

Medical Rectus

A

Turns eye towards nose (adduction)

52
Q

Which eye muscle is most powerful?

A

Medial rectus

53
Q

Inferior Rectus

A

Turns eye downward (depression), also adducts the eye, also extorsion

54
Q

Extorsion

A

Rotating top of eye towards temple and bottom of eye towards nose

55
Q

Adduction

A

Moving eye towards nose

56
Q

Depression

A

Moving eye downward

57
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

Moves eye AWAY from nose (abduction)

58
Q

Superior Rectus

A

Moves eye UPWARDS (elevation), also abducts eye, intorsion

59
Q

Abduction

A

Moving eye away from nose

60
Q

Elevation

A

Moving eye upwards

61
Q

Intorsion

A

rotating top of eye towards nose and bottom towards temple

62
Q

Superior oblique

A

Intorsion (primary) , abductions, depression

63
Q

Inferior Oblique

A

extorsion (primary), abduction, elevation

64
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

1.5mm area in macula with SHARPEST vision (most cones– responsible for daytime/color vision)

65
Q

Fundus

A

Interior surface of eyeball

66
Q

Iris

A

colored part of eye

67
Q

How many muscles does iris have and names of muscles?

A

2– Sphincter and dilator muscles

68
Q

Sphincter muscle

A

controls size of pupil (makes smaller)

69
Q

Dilator muscle

A

controls size of pupil (makes larger)

70
Q

Lens

A

Transparent part of eye that focuses light my changing curvature of front surface (directly behind pupil)

71
Q

Macula

A

central part of retina

72
Q

Function of macula

A

used to see detail– 3-5mm in diameter (fovea in center)

73
Q

Ocular Adnexa

A

All the stuff around eye (eyelids, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, plates, muscles, conjuctiva

74
Q

Optic Disk

A

Appearance of optic nerve when viewed through pupil

75
Q

What corresponds to blind spot?

A

Optic disk

76
Q

What is optic disk looked at for?

A

To determine healthiness of nerve itself

77
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Nerve that carries impulses from retina to the brain– from rods/cones——> brain

78
Q

Orbit

A

bony socket that contains eye and accessory organs, walls are thin and can be damaged by injury

79
Q

Pupil

A

round hole center of iris (light passes through it)

80
Q

Retina

A

Seeing part of eye, light focused here,

81
Q

How does retina work?

A

images fall on the nerve and impulses transmit to brain via optic nerve (interpreted in brain)

82
Q

Sclera

A

White portion of eye

83
Q

Purpose of Sclera

A

gives shape to eye and structure to eyeball

84
Q

Sinuses

A

Air spaces within the bones

85
Q

What causes sinus issues?

A

poor drainage, infection, cancerous enlargements may cause headaches, pain around eyes, pain from eye

86
Q

Suspensory Ligaments

A

long, thin, fibers that connect lens to ciliary muscles

87
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

thick, clear, jelly-like substance fills eye between lens and retina (keeps eye round)

CPO Exam (3 decks)

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