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Ophthalmology > Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Orbit: Shape & Margins

A

Shape = like a 4-sided pyramid

Margins

  • Superior
    • formed by the frontal bone
  • Lateral
    • formed by the zygomatic process of the frontal bone
  • Inferior
    • formed by the zygomatic & maxillary bones
  • Medial
    • formed by the maxilla, lacrimal and frontal bones
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2
Q

Orbit: Walls

A
  • Roof
    • Frontal and Sphenoid bones
  • Posterior lateral wall
    • Zygomatic & Sphenoid bones
  • Floor
    • Maxilla, Zygomatic and Palatine Bones
  • Medial
    • Ethmoid, Lacrimal, and Frontal Bones
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3
Q

Optic Foramen (Canal)

A

-Apex of the orbit and lies within sphenoid bone

  • Structures that enter the canal
    • Optic Nerve
    • Ophthalmic Artery
    • Central Retinal Vein
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4
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure

A

-Lies between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone

  • Structures that pass thru
    • superior and inferior divisions of the oculomotor nerve (III)
    • Trochlear Nerve (IV)
    • Lacrimal, Frontal, and Nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve
    • Abducens Nerve (VI)
    • Superior & Inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein
    • Sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus
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5
Q

Nerves passing thru Superior Orbital Fissure

A
  • Lacrimal Nerve
  • Frontal Nerve
  • Trochlear Nerve
  • Superior division of Oculomotor Nerve
  • Abducens Nerve
  • Nasociliary Nerve
  • Inferior division of Oculomotor Nerve

Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult

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6
Q

Eyelids

A

Upper and lower eyelid are termed “palpebrae”

Fxn: protect and lubricate the eyes

Includes Tarsal Plate and Canthus

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7
Q

Tarsal plate

A
  • Fibrous layer

- gives the lids shape, strength and place for muscle attachment

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8
Q

Canthus

A
  • Where the upper and lower lids meet
    • Lateral canthus & medial canthus
  • Line thru lateral and medial canthus defines the angle of the palpebral fissure which is usually horizontal
  • Down Syndrome: this line has an upward outward slant
  • Epicanthic fold covers medial canthus and is characteristic of Asians and of certain chromosomal abnormalities
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9
Q

Eyelids: Meibomian glands

A
  • Lie underneath & within the tarsal plate
  • Ducts open onto eyelids
  • Secretions enable airtight closure of lids
  • Glands can become infected (Chalazion)

creates the lipid (oil) layer of the tear film
a blockage can lead to evaporative dry eye

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10
Q

Lipid (Oil) Layer

A

-Lubricates & Prevents evaporation

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11
Q

Aqueous (water) layer

A

-Nourishes & Protects the cornea

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12
Q

Mucin Layer

A

-Adheres tears to the eye

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13
Q

Eyelid Movement

A

2 muscles

  • Obicularis oculi
    • closes the eyelids
    • innervated by cranial nerve #7 (fish hook)
  • Levator Palpebrae
    • opens the eye
    • innervated by cranial nerve #3 (pillar)
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14
Q

Lacrima apparatus

A

Lacrimal Glands

  • located within the eyelid & conjunctiva
  • serous secretions = tears

Tears

  • cleans & lubricates eye
  • antibacterial enzyme lysozyme

Where do tears drain? Punctum

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15
Q

Conjunctiva

A
  • thin mucus membrane
  • lines inner surface of both eyelids
  • starts at the edge of the cornea (limbus) and flows back behind the eye, loops forward, and forms the inside surface of the eyelids
  • extremely sensitive to irritation and inflammation
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16
Q

Palpebral Conjunctiva

A

-lines the eyelids

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17
Q

Ocular Conjunctiva

A

covers the eyeball

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18
Q

3 Distinct Layers of eyeball

A
  • Fibrous Tunic
  • Vascular Tunic
  • Internal or Neural Tunic
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19
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

-Sclera and Cornea

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20
Q

Vascular Tunic

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary Body
  • Iris
21
Q

Internal or Neural Tunic

A
  • Retina
    • Neural retinal layer
    • Outer pigmented layer
22
Q

Sclera

A
  • outer layer of eyeball
  • tough
  • opaque white fibrous layer (made of collagen)
  • maintains shape of the globe
  • is continous and connects to the transparent cornea anteriorly
  • posteriorly continuous with the dura mater that surrounds the optic nerve
23
Q

Cornea

A
  • convex clear front surface of the eye
  • provides majority of the eye’s refractive power
  • 5 layers
    • Epithelium
    • Bowman’s
    • Stroma
    • Desmemet’s membrane
    • Endothelium
24
Q

Vascular layer (middle layer)

A

-composed of 3 regions

  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
25
Q

Choroid

A
  • one of the most vascular tissues in the entire body

- melanocytes prevent the diffusion of light throughout the wall of the optic globe

26
Q

Ciliary Body

A
  • located immediately anteriorly to the choroid
  • contains smooth ciliary muscles
  • secretory function
    • contributes to the production of aqueous humor

-controls shape of lens

27
Q

Iris

A

-most anterior portion

  • composed of 2 layers
    • 2 layers of pigment forming cells
    • 2 groups of smooth muscle fibers (control amount of light let in)
      • sphincter pupillae muscle
      • dilator pupillae muscle
  • center of the iris is the pupil
  • main function control amount of light hitting the retina
28
Q

Inner Tunic: Retina

A

Function:

  • Receive Visual Images
  • Analyze them and transmit them to the brain
  • Components
  • optic disc: blind spot (no photoreceptors) where all the nerves go back into the brain
  • Macula Lutea: lateral to optic disc
    • Fovea centralis
  • Neural Retina Layer
  • Pigmented Layer
29
Q

Inner Tunic: Retina: Neural Retina Layer

A

-Photoreceptors and associated neurons

  • Function
    • absorbing light rays and converting them into nerve signals transmitted to the brain
    -contains rods and cones
30
Q

Inner Tunic: Retina: Pigmented Layer

A

-immediately internal to choroid

  • Function
    • absorb light rays that pass through neural layer
    -provides Vitamin A for photoreceptor cells
31
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • Rods
    • dark & light recognition
  • Cones
    • color recognition
32
Q

Lens

A

-sits behind the iris

  • 3 layers (like a peanut M&M)
    • Capsule: thin saran wrap that hold lens in place
    • Cortex: middle layer
    • Nucleus: hard inner layer

-Zonules: holds capsule in place with suspensory ligaments that are connected to the ciliary body

33
Q

Eyeball: 2 Cavities

A

Anterior Cavity

  • Anterior Chamber
  • Posterior Chamber

Posterior Cavity
-Vitreous Chamber

34
Q

Eyeball: Divided into 3 Chambers

A

Anterior Chamber

- lies between the cornea & iris
- contains aqueous humor
  • Posterior Chamber
    • lies between the iris & lens
    • contains aqueous humor
  • Vitreous Chamber
    • extends from the lens back to the retina
    • contains vitreous humor
35
Q

Anterior Cavity: Anterior & Posterior Chambers

A
  • Anterior & Posterior Chambers
    • contains aqueous humor
      • filtrate of blood plasma produced by ciliary processes
      • secreted into posterior chamber
      • from posterior chamber flows through pupil into anterior chamber
      • aqueous fluid is continually resorbed into vascular space called scleral venous sinus
      • provides nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea
36
Q

Posterior Cavity: Vitreous Chamber

A
  • Vitreous Chamber
    • Contains vitreous
      • transparent gelatinous fluid
      • produced by cells in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body
      • fills the space from the lens to the posterior retina
      • helps maintain the eye shape
      • supports the retina
37
Q

Muscles of the Eye: Superior Oblique

A

Superior Oblique
originates: sphenoid bone

inserts: sclera deep to the superior rectus muscle
innervated: trochlear nerve
function: abducts, depresses, laterally rotates the eyeball

38
Q

Muscles of the Eye: Inferior Oblique

A

Inferior Oblique
originates: anterior part of orbital floor

inserts: sclera deep to the lateral rectus muscle
innervated: oculomotor nerve
function: abducts, elevates, & laterally rotates the eyeball
39
Q

Muscles of the Eye: Superior Rectus

A

Superior Rectus
originates: common tendinous ring

 inserts: sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
 innervated: oculomotor nerve
 function: elevates, adducts, & medially rotates the eyeball
40
Q

Muscles of the Eye: Inferior Rectus

A

Inferior Rectus
originates: common tendinous ring

  inserts: sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
  innervated: oculomotor nerve
  function: depresses, adducts, & laterally rotates the eyeball
41
Q

Muscles of the Eye: Medial Rectus

A

Medial Rectus
originates: common tendinous ring

 inserts: sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
 innervated: oculomotor nerve
 function: adducts the eyeball
42
Q

Muscles of the Eye: Lateral Rectus

A

Lateral Rectus
originates: common tendinous ring

   inserts: sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
   innervated: abducent nerve
   function: abducts the eyeball
43
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Lateral Rectus

Action & Controlling Cranial Nerve

A

Lateral Rectus

Action: Moves eye laterally

Controlling CN: VI (abducens)

44
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Medial Rectus

Action & Controlling Cranial Nerve

A

Medial Rectus

Action: Moves eye medially

Controlling CN: III (oculomotor)

45
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Superior Rectus

Action & Controlling Cranial Nerve

A

Superior Rectus

Action: elevates eye & turns it medially

Controlling CN: III (oculomotor)

46
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Inferior Rectus

Action & Controlling Cranial Nerve

A

Inferior Rectus

Action: depresses eye & turns it medially

Controlling CN: III (oculomotor)

47
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Inferior Oblique

Action & Controlling Cranial Nerve

A

Inferior Oblique

Action: elevates eye & turns it laterally

Controlling CN: III (oculomotor)

48
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Superior Oblique

Action & Controlling Cranial Nerve

A

Superior Oblique

Action: depresses eye & turns it laterally

Controlling CN: IV (trochlear)

Ophthalmology (3 decks)

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