Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H&P Exam 1 > Eye Abnormalities > Flashcards

Eye Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Ptosis

A

-Inability to close the eye may be seen with CN III problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What would Yellow sclera indicate?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Described as scleral icterus
  • If jaundice is NOT present, sclera are anicteric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Abnormalities of conjunctivae for color & exudates

A
  • Bulbar (covers the eyeBall)

- Palpebral (lines the eyelids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you look at conjunctivae?

A

Ask patient to look up while you pull down lower lids to examine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conjunctiva pallor indicates what?

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Red or swollen conjunctiva indicates what?

A

Injection – caused by dilation of blood vessels secondary to an inflammatory or infectious process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Pinguecula

A
  • Yellowish growth on the sclera, adjacent to cornea, may be a precursor to pterygium
  • From sun
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Pterygium

A
  • Wedge or wing-shaped growth may grow into cornea

- From sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Arcus senilis

A

Ring about the margin of the cornea, common in the elderly, may indicate hyperlipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Opacity of the lens indicated what?

A

Cataract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Chalazion

A
  • Meibomian gland lipogranuloma
  • Cyst of the inner eyelid due to inflammation of a blocked meibomian gland
  • Usu. on upper eyelid
  • Chalazion is chronic, usually painless, points to inside of lid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Hordeolum

A
  • External stye
  • Due to infection of a sebaceous gland at margin of the eyelid
  • Acute, painful, external
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the best way to distinguish chalazion from hordeolum?

A

1) History

2) Chalazion is chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Xanthelasma

A
  • Sharply demarcated yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath the skin, usu. around the eyelids
  • Hereditary component – more common in people of Asian descent or from Mediterranean region

-May or may not indicate high lipid levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Periorbital cellulitis

A
  • Infection & inflammation of the eyelid & portions of the skin around the eye
  • Must differentiate between orbital cellulitis (a medical emergency)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Orbital cellulitis

A

-Assoc. with – proptosis (bulging eye), limited movement (ophthalmoplegia), pain with eye movement, or loss of vision

17
Q

Describe Exopthalmos (proptosis)

A
  • Protrusion of the eyes
  • Rim of sclera between upper lid & iris visible
  • Produces characteristic stare
  • Associated with Graves disease (type of hyperthyroidism)
  • Also see lid lag
18
Q

Describe the differences between Episcleritis vs Scleritis vs conjunctivitis

A
  • Episclera – between the conjunctiva & sclera
  • Episcleritis has abrupt onset

-Scleritis – gradual onset, more severe, pain, ↓ vision, commonly assoc. with systemic autoimmune / inflammatory disease

  • Episcleritis vs conjunctivitis
  • Episcleritis more localized
19
Q

Describe Uveitis

A
  • Inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, & choroid)
  • If limited to iris = iritis
  • Painful (with consensual pupillary light reflex)
  • Limbic flush (inflammation around the iris)
  • Commonly assoc. with systemic autoimmune / inflammatory disease
20
Q

Describe Subconjunctival hemorrhage

A
  • Painless, small blood vessel breaks

- Can occur with injury, increased pressure (↑BP, cough, sneeze), blood thinning medication

21
Q

Describe Hyphema

A
  • Bleeding in the ant. chamber

- Usu. due to trauma

22
Q

Describe Myopia

A

Impaired far vision

23
Q

Describe presbyopia

A

Impaired near vision

24
Q

What does a crescent shadow on the medial aspect of the iris signify?

A
  • Shadow created if the iris bows abnormally forward –> creates a narrow ACUTE angle with the cornea (a shallow ant. chamber) –> then light casts a crescent shadow
  • The narrow angle (shallow chamber) increases risk of acute angle-closure glaucoma (sudden increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) that threatens sight)
25
Q

What are the different types of glaucoma and what does it cause?

A

1) Acute angle closure glaucoma (aka narrow angle or closed angle glaucoma)
- Less common form
- Results in sudden increase in Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) & eye pain
- Crescent shadow present

2) Open angle glaucoma
- Common form
- IOP is increased but angle is normal
- No crescent shadow present

26
Q

What does an Abnormal, asymmetric corneal light reflection indicate?

A
  • Strabismus (deviation from normal conjugate position)

- Due to imbalance of extraocular eye muscle tone or paralysis of 1 or more extraocular eye muscles

27
Q

Describe the different Strabismus

A
  • Convergent (internal) strabismus, aka esotropia
  • Eye moves inward
  • Divergent (external) strabismus, aka exotropia
  • Eye moves outward
28
Q

Describe Pupil inspection

A
  • Inspect size, shape, equality
  • Miosis → constriction
  • Mydriasis → dilation
29
Q

Describe Horner’s Syndrome

A

1) Ptosis
2) Anhidrosis: absent sweating on the affected side
3) Miosis (or “PAM”): unequal pupil size = Anisocria

  • Due to dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system
  • May be congenital or assoc. with disease [e.g. Pancoast tumor (lung cancer tumor in apex of the lung)]
30
Q

Describe Tonic (Adie’s) Pupil

A
  • Affected pupil is larger
  • Reduced reaction to light (mydriasis)
  • Reduced near reaction
  • Due to dysfunction of parasympathetic nervous system
  • Most commonly affects young women, cause unknown
31
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the eye muscles?

A
  • LR6 SO4 AO3
  • Lateral rectus CN VI (Abducens)
  • Superior oblique CN IV (Trochlear)
  • All others CN III
32
Q

If pupils are normal & react normally to light & accommodation, can document what?

A

PERRLA: Pupils Equal Round & Reactive to Light & Accommodation

33
Q

What if red reflex is absent?

A

-May be due to opacity of the lens (e.g. cataract), retinal detachment, retinoblastoma, other disease, artificial eye

  • Retinoblastoma – childhood cancer of the retina
  • Will see white light – leukocoria
34
Q

What is the cup-to-disc ratio used for?

A
  • To assess the progression of glaucoma.

- As glaucoma advances, the cup enlarges until it occupies most of the disc area.

35
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

Optic disc swelling assoc. with increased intracrainial pressure

36
Q

Describe Hypertensive retinopathy

A
  • “dry” retina

- Few hemorrhages, few exudates, multiple cotton wool spots

37
Q

Describe Diabetic retinopathy

A
  • “wet” retina

- Multiple hemorrhages, multiple exudates, few cotton wool spots

38
Q

What is the difference between Central retinal vein occlusion vs central retinal artery occlusion

A

VEIN occlusion: When this fluid collects in the macula

ARTERY occlusion: “Cherry red spot”

H&P Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions