Eye Flashcards by Shadi A

supraorbital
supratrochlear
infratrochlear
lacrimal

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infraorbital

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Lacrimal gland is ____ and _____ to the eye!!!!

superior; lacrimal

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Flow of aqueous humor and travels out of ?

Canal of schlemm

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Tunics : superficial to deep?

Fibrous>vascular–>neural

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Fibrous layer includes

sclera and cornea

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Vascular layer includes

choroid, ciliary body, suspensary ligaments, iris

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Neural layer includes

Retina (pigmented part, neural part, has rodes and cones)

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Mydriasis

dilation of the eye, term is usually used to describe abnormal dilation (drugs or disease)

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Emmetropia

normal vision

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Ametropias (ocular disorder)

myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, prebyopia

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Retina has two parts?

Pigmented Part

Neural Part

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Pigmented part of retina

Thin outer layer

Absorbs light preventing ‘visual echoes’

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Neural part of retina

Thick inner layer

Contains photoreceptors, neurons, and supporting cells

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Two types of photoreceptors?

Cones and Rods

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Rods

Function in dim light
Don’t provide sharp vision or color vision
Periphery of retina
125 million

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Cones

Operate best in bright light
Provide high acuity
Color vision
Center of retina
6 million

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Organization of cones and rodes

horizontal cells

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Organization of bipolar cells

Amacrine cells

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Organization of ganglion cells

Become optic nerve

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Retinal regions

Macula lutea
Fovea centralis
Optic Disc (papilla)

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Macula lutea

Lateral to optic disc

Contains mostly cones

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Fovea centralis

Contains only cones

Maximal visual acuity

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Optic Disc

Blind spot, contains no rods or cones
Unmyelinated axons (become myelinated after the optic disc)
Central artery and vein enter/exit eye

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What makes a person colorblind?

Not having all the different types of opsin (red, blue, green cones). These cones may be nonfunctional, absent, unable to manufacture pigments

Visual Pathway just cell? | Long version?

Photoreceptor--->bipolar cell-->ganglion cell (unmyelinated axons)-->visual cortex of cerebral hemispheres (occipital lobe) Photreceptorganglion cellsoptics discoptic nerveoptic chiasmOptic tract-->geniculate mucleus of thalamusvisual cortex of opposite occipital lobe

Lesion of optic nerve causes

blindness

Lesions of optic chiasm causes

Bitemporal hemianopsia (partial blindness)

Lesions of optic tract

Homonymous hemianopsia | loss of half of the field of view on the same side in both eyes

Eye Mnemonic

(LR6SO4)3 Lateral Rectus, VI Superior Oblique, IV All others, III

strabismus

cross-eyed | Lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles

periorbital fascia

Periosteum of the orbit Also called periorbita Fat surrounding the eye

Central retinal artery travel with the ___ and supplies ___.

optic nerve; retina

2 nodes responsible for lymphatic drainage of the orbit?

preauricular node | submandibular node

bones creating the orbital margin?

zygomatic bone maxilla frontal bone

superior wall of orbit

Frontal | Lesser wing of sphenoid

Inferior wall of orbit

Maxilla Zygomatic Palatine

Medial wall of orbit

Ethmoid Lacrimal Frontal Maxilla

Lateral wall of orbit

Zygomatic Greater wing of the sphenoid Frontal

Inferior rectus innervation

CNIII

medial rectus innervation

CN III

Lateral rectus Innervation

CN VI

Superior oblique innervation

Trochlear nerve IV

Inferior oblique innervation

CNIII

The inability of the lens to change shape due to changes associated with old age is referred to as:

Presbyopia

Which of the following is a component of the optic disc or papilla?

central artery

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the

internal carotid artery

The left optic tract contains:

Fibers from the temporal half of the left eye and nasal half of the right eye

Identify the branch of the ophthalmic artery that pierces the optic nerve.

Central artery of the retina

Infraorbital a. is a branch of

external carotid artery

If your vision is 20/15, this means that you can

Better than normal! See objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet. 20-how far you see 15-how far your standing, what your expected to see e.g. 20/200-nearsighted and legally blind- at 20 ft away you see what normal ppl see at 200 ft

What muscle medially rotates (intorts), depresses and abducts the eyeball to facilitate downward and outward visual gaze orientation?

Superior oblique

What artery supplies the sclera?

Long ciliary artery

Common tendinous ring includes

CN 2, 3, 6 V1 Opthalmic artery

Layer of eye that is directly deep to the sclera

choroid

Optic canal includes

opthalmic artery | optic nerve

Which skull foramina does the opthalmic artery traverse to enter the orbit?

optic canal

The space between iris and ciliary body and the lends is the

posterior chamber

Anterior cavity is divided by the

iris

Which one adducts, depresses and laterally rotates?

Inferior rectus

Strombismus toward medial

Lateral rectus

ptosis due to what muscle?

droopy eyelid due to Levator palpabrae superioris (resp. for opening eyelid)

pathway of tears

Lacrimal gland-->puncta-->sup. and inf. lacrimal canaliculi-->lacrimal sac-->nasolacrimal duct

Myopia

Nearsightedness | Image is focused anterior to retina

Hyperopia

Farsightedness | Image is focused posterior to retina

Astigmatism

Nonspherical eye | Parts of image focus at multiple points

Presbyopia

Loss of elasticity in lens Age-related, 40-50 "reading glasses" Ex. of farsightedness aka hyperopia

There is a ____ difference between the axis of the orbit versus the axis of the eye.

23 degrees

Function of superior rectus

Elevation, adduction, medial rotation of eyeball

Inferior rectus function

Depression, adduction, lateral rotation of eye

Medial rectus function

adduction of eyeball

Lateral rectus function

Abduction of eyeball

Superior oblique function

Depression, abduction, medial rotation of eyeball

Inferior oblique function

Elevation, abduction, lateral rotation of eyeball

Damage to abducens nerve would result in inability to perform what action?

rotate eye laterally

Obliquus superior muscle is innervated by

CN 4

Contents of SOF

CN 3,4, 6, V1, superior opthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus.

Superior tarsal (Muller's) muscle

Elevates eyelid Smooth muscle Sympathetic control, T1, via superior cervical ganglion ptosis

Orbicularis oculi

closes eyelid | CN VII

Levator palpabrae superioris

Opens upper eyelid | CN III

Aqueous humor made by ___ drains into ___.

Ciliary body; superior opthalmic vein