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Y4 Biology > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structure and Function of the Sclera

A

S: Tough white outer covering of the eyeball; continuous with cornea

F: Protects eyeball from mechanical damage

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2
Q

Structure and Functions of the Choroid

A

S: Middle layer of the eyeball between the sclera and retina

F: Contains black pigments to prevent internal reflection of light

F: Contain blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eyeball and remove metabolic waste products

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3
Q

Structure and Function of the Retina

A

S: The innermost layer of the eyeball, containing photoreceptors

F: Light-sensitive layer where images are formed

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4
Q

State the three layers of the eye and arrange them in terms of their position, with the outermost layer being stated on the left and the innermost layer being stated on the right

A

Sclera, Choroid, Retina

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5
Q

Structure and Function of the Cornea

A

S: Transparent layer in front of the eye, continuous with the sclera

F: Refract light towards the lens

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6
Q

Structure and Function of the Iris

A

S: Consists of two sets of involuntary muscles, the circular and radial muscles. Surrounds the pupil, in front of the lens.

F: Adjust amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil

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7
Q

Structure and Function of the Pupil

A

S: Hole in the centre of the iris, appears black because the choroid is visible through it

F: Allows light to enter the eye

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8
Q

Structure and Function of the Lens

A

S: Transparent, biconvex, elastic crystalline body

F: Changes curvature or thickness to refract light onto the retina

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9
Q

Structure and Function of the suspensory ligaments

A

S: Connective tissue

F: Attach the end of the lens to the ciliary body

F: Transfer the effect of the ciliary muscle to the lens

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10
Q

Structure and Function of the ciliary body

A

S: Contain Ciliary muscles

F: Control the curvature or thickness of the lens

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11
Q

Structure andd Function of the Aqueous Humour

A

S: Transparent, watery-fluid

F: Refract light onto the lens and keeps the eyeball firm

F: Serves as a medium of diffusion of oxygen and nutrients

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12
Q

Structure and Function of the Vitreous Humour

A

S: Transparent jelly-like fluid

F: Refract light onto the retina and keeps eyeball firm

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13
Q

Structure and Function of the Fovea

A

S: Greatest concentration of cones but not rods

F: Give detailed colour vision in bright light

F: Part of the retina that is best resolves images; where images are focussed on it

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14
Q

Structure and Function of the Blind Spot

A

S: Found over the optic nerve, no photoreceptors

F: An area over the retina where neurones leave the eye

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15
Q

Structure and Function of the Optic Nerve

A

S: Composed of sensory neurones

F: Transmit nerve impulses from photoreceptors to brain

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16
Q

what are the 2 photoreceptors and where in the eye are they located

A

cones, rods
retina

17
Q

function of the cones, the types of cones and where they are concentrated at in the eye

the diff types of cones have different pigments which abosrb light at diff wavelengths

A

cones enable to see colours in bright light

red, blue, green

most concentrated at the fovea

18
Q

are rods or cones more sensitive

A

rods

19
Q

function of rods and what pigment they contain

A

enable us to see in dim light in black/white,

contain light-sensitive pigment, visual purple

20
Q

what happens to the visual purple when eye exposed to bright light and what happens to it when one walks back to the dimly lit room from bright room

A

bleached, take a while for it to reform when walk form bright place to dimly lit room

21
Q

what is required in the formation of visual purple and where are rods located in the eye

A

vitamin A,

lie outside fovea in more peripheral parts of the retina

22
Q

define accommodation

A

adjustment of lens to change curvature or thickness so that clear images at diff distances are formed on the retina

23
Q

what is the train of thought when one see a near object

A

ciliary muscles CONTRACT, REDUCING pull on suspensory ligaments

suspensory ligaments SLAKEN

lens become THICKER and more CONVEX

DECREASE its focal length

light rays from NEAR object are brought to focus on retina

photoreceptors are stimulated. nerve impulses produced and transmitted to brain via optic nerve

24
Q

what is trin of thought when one sees a far object

A

ciliary muscles RELAX, PULLING on suspensory ligaments

suspensory ligaments TAUT

lens become THINNER and LONGER

INCREASE its focal length

light rays from FAR object are brought to focus on retina

photoreceptors are stimulated. nerve impulses produced and transmitted to brain via optic nerve

25
Q

what is pupil reflex

A

strong light causes pupils to become smaller and protect retina

26
Q

what is blink reflex

A

any object seen coming towards the eye cause eyelids close

27
Q

what is the effect of excessive light entering eye

A

damage retina

28
Q

what is tearing reflex

A

dust sensed by conjunctiva cause increase in tear flow to wash away

29
Q

pupil reflex in bright light

A

PHOTORECEPTORS in bright light detect INCREASE in light intensity

nerve impulses sent along sensory neurone in optic nerve to brain

brain returns impulses along motor neurone to circular and radial muscles of iris

CIRCULAR iris muscles CONTRACT, while RADIAL iris muscles RELAX

DIAMETER of pupil DECREASE, allow LESS light enter

30
Q

pupil reflex in dim light

A

PHOTORECEPTORS in dim light detect DECREASE in light intensity

nerve impulses sent along sensory neurone in optic nerve to brain

brain returns impulses along motor neurone to circular and radial muscles of iris

CIRCULAR iris muscles RELAX, while RADIAL iris muscles CONTRACT

DIAMETER of pupil INCREASE, allow MORE light enter

Y4 Biology (6 decks)

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