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Special Sense Histology > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وبه نستعين
__________________________
Mention concentric layers of Eye

A

Outer fibrous : Cornea + Sclera
Middle vascular :
Choroid - Iris - Ciliary body
Inner Nervous : retina

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2
Q

Mention Layers of cornea of Tunica fibrosa

A

Corneal epithelium
Bowman’s membrane
Substania propira
Decemt’s membrane
Decemet’s endothelium

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3
Q

Corneal epithelium:
*It is a…………………(type ) epithelium, 5-6 layers thick.
Resting on a straight basement membrane.
*It is highly sensitive as it is supplied with numerous free nerve endings

A

Stratidied squamous non kertainized epithelium

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4
Q

*The superficial flat cells of corneal epithelium possess microvilli why ?

A

to maintain tear film in between so Keeping cornea wet avoiding dryness

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5
Q

*The intermediate layers: numeber + shape ?
*The basal layer: imp ?

A

Intermeidate layers : 3-4 polygonal
____________
Basal layer has an excellent power of regenration due to mitosis

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6
Q

GR/conreal epithelium is highly sensitive ?

A

This is due to High innervation with numoerous free nerve endings

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7
Q

describe conreal epithelium

A

sss
Stratified squamous non kertantizied
Superficial surface with microvvilli
Sensitive
______________-
Intermediate layer 3-4 layers polygonal
Basal = regentation + Mitosis

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8
Q

What layer of Cornea if damaged cause opacity?

A

Bowman’s membrane as it cannot regenrate forming scar

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9
Q

Mention Functions of Bowman’s membrane

A

Strength+ stability
Protective barrier against Trauma + Bacteria

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10
Q

Describe Bowman’s Membrane

A

Very thick Transparent Homogenous membrane
___________________________________________________
Formed of type 1 collagen + Intercellular substance
Representing the BM of epithelium
called ant limiting membrane

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11
Q

Acute headache treated by ?

A

Simple analgesics
Ergots
Migraine-specific (for example, triptans)

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12
Q

Preventive treatment of headache

To prevent attacks
To prevent transformation to chronic headache
Mention

A

Anti-epileptics
Anti-hypertensives
Tricyclic anti-depressants
Migraine specific (for example, Anti-CGRP)

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13
Q

Describe substania propria of Cornea
Describe stroma of Cornea

A

It is the stroma of cornea formed of ?
1-Collagen lamella type 1: 60 layers of parallel collagen type 1 fibers
2-Corneal Corpuscles : Fibroblasts (keratinocytes) between lamaella
3-Ground substance of : Keratin sulphate + Chondroitin sulphate ( proteoglycans )

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14
Q

Describe Descemt’s membrane

A

Refractile thick homogenous membrane
formed of collagen fibirils
Formed by Underlying Epithelium

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15
Q

Mention type and function of Conreal endothelium

A

It is simple squamous epithelium lining innermost layer of cornea
Responsible for Dehydration of cornea Maintaing its transparency by pinoctic vesciles transfering fluids from stroma to anterior cahmber

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16
Q

Mention type and function of Conreal endothelium

A

It is simple squamous epithelium lining innermost layer of cornea
Responsible for Dehydration of cornea Maintaing its transparency by pinoctic vesciles transfering fluids from stroma to anterior cahmber

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17
Q

The active transcellular endoyctosis and exocytosis in corneal endothelium depends on

A

Numerous mitochondria found in the corneal endothelium

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18
Q

Conrea is avascular receving nutriton from ?

A

Atmospheric o2
Aquous humor
Capillareis of Limbus

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19
Q

Cornea is transparent why ?

A

1-Non keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
2-Parallel arragment of collagen fibrils in substantia propria
3-avasculer
4-unmyelinated nerve fibers
5-Corneal dehydration
4-same refreactive index of all its compnents

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20
Q

Why corneal tranplanation is the most successful transplant surgery ?

A

This is due to presnence of no BVs or lymphatics in the cornea so no immunity of autorejection

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21
Q

The Sclera
- Posterior 5/6 of the fibrous coat, white , opaque.
- Protect and maintain the shape of the eye ball.
- Gives attachment to the tendons of extraocular
muscle.
-Thickened posteriorly and becomes perforated by
the ?????

A

Optic nerve

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22
Q

Explain strucutre of sclera histologically

A

Formed of 3 layers :
1-Outer episcleral “ Fibroelastic C.T” Collagen + Elastic fibers + Fibroblasts
2-Sclera proper (Stroma) : “Dense C.T” for ? fibroblasts + collagen + ground substance + elastic
3-SupraChorioid lamina:- formed of collagen + Melanocytes

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23
Q

Why is sclera opaque ?

A

1-Irregular arrangement of fibers
2-Different Refractive indices for its components

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24
Q

a 1 mm wide transition zone
between the cornea & sclera
(encircling the cornea).

A

Limbus

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25
Q

Mention the importance of Higly vascularity of limbus

A

Nutrition of peripheral cornea with metabolites by diffusion

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26
Q

Trabeculae meshwork formed by?

A

Decment’s membrane lined by descments endothelium

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27
Q

Show changes occurs at limbus
conreoscleral junction

A

1-Corneal epithelium becomes Bulbar conjunctiva
2-Bowman’s membrane replaced by subconjunctival C.T
3-Stroma forms Canal of schlemme
4-Descmet’s membrane forms trabecular meshwork
5-descment’s endothelium lines Schlemme canal + Trabecular meshwork

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28
Q

Stem cells are concentrated at the limbus, from which

A

rapidly
dividing progenitor cells move into the cornea to replace
damaged epithelium

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29
Q

What is conjuctiva

A

thin transparent mucous membrane that covers the ant part of eye scleral part (bulbar conjunctiva)
+ Inner eyelid (palpebral conjunctiva

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30
Q

Tissue in eye is Stratifeied columnar epithleium with goblet cells ?

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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31
Q

Explain strucure of Conjunctive

A

Epithelium + Lamina propira
Epithelium :
Bulbar: Non keratinized stratified sqaumous epithelium
Palpebral : Stratifed columnar epithelium with goblet cells
__________________
Lamina propria :-
Loose aereloar C.T with vessels + lymphatics + MQs

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32
Q

Mention function of Conjunctiva

A

Lubrication and protection dut to mucuos secretion

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33
Q

Mention layers of eyelid

A

Skin
superficial fascia “ oribulcaris oculi paplebral”
Palpebral fascia for tarsal plates
Palpebral conjunctiva

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34
Q

Describe skin of eyelid

A

Loose elastic with no fat
3-4 eye lashes from the margin with no arrecto pilli muscle
Glands of moll for Sweat
Glands of Zeis for Sbeum sbeacous glands

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35
Q

Mention site of Meibomian glands + functions

A

In tarsal fibroelastic plate of palpebral fascia of eyelid
secreing oily secretion mixing with tear film preventing its evaporation

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36
Q

*The lacrimal gland:
➢ ?type
➢ It lies in the superolateral part of the orbit.
➢ It consists of,,,,,,,,,, with ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
➢ It communicates with the sac via 6-12 secretory ducts.

A

Compund tubuloalveolar gland
Serous acini + myoepithelial cells

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37
Q

Strucute in lacrimal apparatus lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

It is lacrimal SAC

38
Q

Lacrimal canaliculi are lined by ?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

Uveal tract is formed of ?

A

Choroid
Ciliary bodies
Iris

40
Q

Choroid strucutre show ?

A

Pigmented Highly vascular
Formed of 2 layers :
Choriocapillary layer : blood vessels supplying outer 1/3 of retina
Bruch’s membrane Fibroelastic =Collagen + Elastic fibers

41
Q

Mention strucute of ciliary body

A

1-Loose C.T
2-Surfaces facing of lens and viterous humor lined by 2layers of columnar epi : Outer pigmented and inner non pigmented
3-Ciliary muscle
4-Ciliary Process
5-ciliary zonules

42
Q

Losse c.t of ciliary body contains ?

A

BCME Elastic fibers
Blood Vessels
Melanocytes
ciliary muscle

43
Q

layer of ciliary body rich in melaninc + continous with the Pigmented retinal epithelium ?

A

It is Outer pigmented coulmnar layer

44
Q

Layer of ciliary body forms the blood aquous barrier give reason ?

A

Inner non pigmented epitehlial layer
as theri lateral surfaced connected with tight junctions

45
Q

,,,,,,,,,,,,,form the main bulk of the ciliary body.
❖Function:
Visual accommodation

A

The ciliary muscles

46
Q

*They are radially arranged, finger –like projections extending from the
inner highly vascular area of the ciliary body extending towards the lens

A

Ciliary processes

47
Q

Mention strcute of ciliary process

A

C.T Core covered by 2 layers of epithelium as that of the ciliary body outer pigmented + inner non pigmented
+>? Any feature :- basolateral infoldings of the epithelial layers for secretion of aquous humor

48
Q

Ciliary zonules formed of ?
Produced by?

A

Formed of Fibrillin
Produced by ? Inner non pigmented layer

49
Q

Mention Strcuture of Iris

A

Outer anterior surface: Loose C.T + Melanocytes + fibroblasts
Stroma : Melanocytes + C,T + Constrictior pupillae
Inner pigmented epithlium 2 layers prevent light entery except from pupil

50
Q

How dilator pupillae is formed ?
Why dilator pupillae is not considere as a true muscle ?

A

When the OUTER ANRERIOR LAYER OF POSTEIROR SURFACE Pigmented epithelium of iris loss its pigmentation transoformed into myoepithelial cells of Dilator pupillae muscles

51
Q

aquous humor produced mainly by

A

diffusion from capillaries of ciliary process

52
Q

Blood aquous barrier

A

Formed by tight junctions between inner non pigmented epithelium preventing passage of molecules from ciliary process capillaries into the aquous humor in posterior chamber

53
Q

It has neither blood nor nerve supply, it is nourished by aqueous
humor. suspended by zonules

A

Lens

54
Q

❖Lens capsule:
- Transparent and thick……………., formed
of type,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
- Formed by the underlying ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
- It gives insertion to the ,,,,,,,,,,,,,and protect the
underlying cells.

A

Basment membrane
Type IV collagen + Proteoglycans
subcapsular epithelium
Zonules

55
Q

❖Subcapsular epithelium:
-It is a……………………..resting on the inner surface
of the capsule in the………….. surface of the lens.
-It divides at the ………… → change into …………….

A

Single cuboidal cell layer
Anterior surface of lens
Equator to change into lens fibers

56
Q

Lens fibers:
-Highly differentiated, elongated cells.
-Develop by ………………………?
-The peripheral younger cells contain …………….?
-As they grow, they are pushed to the center, lose their……………………………?
→ become filled with ……………?
- The fibers are connected by?junctions,?junctions and
? to prevent sliding of the fibers.

A

division of subcapsular epithelium
Nuclei+Organelles
Nuceli+organelles
Crysatlline proteins
_______________________
tight - gap - Desmosomes

57
Q

What causes crystalline proteins to be lost > + what results ?

A

Age + UVR + DM increasd glucose
Catarct!

58
Q

What happens to lens elasticity after 40

A

Decreased causing loss of accommodation and presbyopia

59
Q

Transpent gel like C.T substance filling the space between Lens and retina

A

Viterous Humor

60
Q

Mention composition of Viterous humor

A

99% water
Hyalocytes forming:
Hyalouronic acid
Collagen

61
Q

How viterous membrane is formed

A

This capsule formed by condensation of collagen fibirils peripherally

62
Q

Mention 10 layers of retina

A

Pigmented retinal epithelium
Layer of photoreceptors
outer lmiting membrane
outer nuclear layer
outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
inner plexiform layer
Ganglion cell layer
optic nerve fiber layer
inner limiting membrane

63
Q

Type of epiethleim in retinal pigmented layer?
resting on ?
cytoplasm is ?
Nucelus is ?

A

Cubical or low columnar
__________
resting on basal lamina of bruch’s membrane
________
cytoplasm is basophilic rich on melanin pigment
______
nucleus is Basal rounded Vesicular

64
Q

Is retinal pigmented epithelal cells ion transporting cells ? why ?

A

yes due to basal membrane infoldings + Numerous mitochondria nearby

65
Q

Cytoplasm of retinal pigmented epithelial cells show ?

A

mrsl sER
lYSOSMOSE
Resiudal bodies
Melanin + lipofuscin
___________________
apical processes embracing the the Outer segment ot Rods and cones but not attached to them
________________
Process containing melanin pigments
lateral surface of cells joined by tight junction forming Blood retinal barrier

66
Q

Mention functions of Pigmented epitelal layer of retina

A

1-absorpb extra light
2-storage of Vit A by ismoeraiztion in sER
3- Phagocytosis of old discs
4-Forming Blood retinal barriers that prevents entering of moleculs into retina from chorioid capillaries

67
Q

The outer segment of rods :
Dendritic photosenstive part
Contains discs formed of 2 membranes + cavity ffilled witth Rhodopsin
the discs not conitinuous with cell membrane
Between the outer and inner sement there is ,,,,,,,which is ,,,,,,,, formed of ……doublets without ….

A

Connecting stalk
modified cilium
9 doublets with no singlets

68
Q

Mention some organelles in the inner sement of rods

A

Basal body of modified cilium +microtubules
sER
rER ribosomes Gologi + mitochondria

69
Q

Why inner semegnt of rods is filled with
Polysome
Mitochondria
glycogen
?

A

for energey for protein syntsis for viusal pathway
___________
the visual pigment inocoptraed in membranous discs
the old discs phagocytosed by ? lysosomes of Pigmented epithelium

70
Q

The cell body of rods :
Contains the nucleus which make up the majority of
the nuclei in the ……….. of the retina
except in the /……….. where rods are absent
or few

A

Outer nuclear layer
Fovea centralis

71
Q

rods synapses with >

A

Bipolar cells OR
hORizontal cells

72
Q

The membranous discs are continuous
with the cell membrane in ???

A

Cones

73
Q

Why cones resopnsible for colors ?

A

1- has numerous types specific to color
red green and blue
2- Low sensitiviy with hight threshold and high acuity for differnetiaton

74
Q

Outer limiting membrane formed by?

A

Adherent and tight junctions between ?
Muller’s celles endings + Rods and cones

75
Q

The outer nuclear layer is formed by ?

A

Rods and cones nuclei
rods in several layers
cones in layer near outer limintg membrane

76
Q

Outer pleisiform layer is formed by?

A

Synapses between the rods and cones axons and
dendrites of Bipolar cells
Process of Horizontal cells

77
Q

Mention nuclei of cells in inner nuclear layer?

A

Bipolar nuclei
Horizontal nuclei
Amacrine nuclei
Muller NUclei

78
Q

Dendtites of horiazontal cells synapse with ?
while the Axons with ?

A

Dendrites with Cones axons only
Axons with rods and cones axons both

79
Q

Does amacrine cells have axons ? how it works ?

A

no only Branching dendrites
Receiving from bipolar to give ganglion cells

80
Q

Muller cells
types ?
extension ?
Outer end ?
inner ends ?
function?

A

Neuroglial CELLS
from outer limiting mebrane to inner limting membrane
Outer ends joins the rods and cones with Adherent and tight junctions forming outer limiting membrane
Inner enddings with Their basement membrane forms ? The outer limiting membrane
functions : Nurtition inuslation AND SUPPOTR OFretinal layers

81
Q

Inner plexiform layer is formed of ?

A

Synapses between
Dendrites of ganglion cells and ?
Bipolar axons OR
Amacrine dendrites

82
Q

Describe ganglion layers

A

ganglion cells:
Multipolar nerve cells
vESICULAR nuceli+ NIssel’s granules
Theri axons forms optic nerve fibers
_____________
the layer also have
Neuroglial cells + Retinal blood vessels

83
Q

Optic nerev fiber layer contains ?

A

1-Axons of ganglion cells
2-Spider like neuroglial cells
3-retinal blood vessels

84
Q

It is the site where ganglion cell axons
converge & exit from the eye.
It has no photoreceptors—>
insensitive to light.
The retinal blood vessels enter & exit through it

A

Optic Disc or papilla
it is phsiological Blind spot

85
Q

*It separates the retina from the
vitreous.

A

inner limiting membrane formed of Muller ending with theri basment membrane

86
Q

How blood retinal barriers are formed ?

A

Outer barrier : tight junctions between Pigmented epithelium
Inner barrier : tight junctions between ?/. endothelial cells of retinal capillaries

87
Q

what happens in retinal detachment ?

A

The nervous layers of retina separated from pigmented epithelial layer
pigmented epithelial no detached due to strong attachment to Bruch’s membrane

88
Q

Describe macula lutea

A

Yellowish due to enriched pigment xanthpyll
for antioxiation + Filtration of UV and harmful rays on retina for protection of cones
Highest concentration of photoreceptos + GANGLION CELLS

89
Q

a Central round depression in macula having the higest acuity ?

A

Fovea centralis

90
Q

fovea centralis
*Layers from 4:9 diverge to the sides.
*The photoreceptors are cones only (thinner, longer & closely packed).
*No blood vessels.
*It is specialized in accurate ???

A

daylight vision.

91
Q

أَفَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلَٰهَهُ هَوَاهُ وَأَضَلَّهُ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ عِلْمٍ وَخَتَمَ عَلَىٰ سَمْعِهِ وَقَلْبِهِ وَجَعَلَ عَلَىٰ بَصَرِهِ غِشَاوَةً فَمَن يَهْدِيهِ مِن بَعْدِ اللَّهِ ۚ أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ

A

Special Sense Histology (2 decks)

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