Extras Flashcards
What is osteoarthritis?
Progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage and resulting in the development of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of the joints. Can be primary- degenerative disorder or secondary- trauma, hip dysplasia, infection, diabetes.
What is cartilage fibrillation?
The classic morphologic changes of osteoarthritic articular cartilage begin with fibrillation, a local surface disorganization involving a splitting of the superficial layers of the cartilage.
What does DXA stand for?
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
What is bone remodelling?
Coordinated osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic proliferation. It maintains skeletal structure. Annual rate of turnover is 4% in cortical bone and 25% in trabecular.
What are metabolic bone disease?
Abnormalities of formation and metabolism of bone eg. loss of mineralisation, low bone mass, high bone mass, higher bone turnover, low bone turnover.
What does parathyroid hormone do?
- Stimulates renal tubular calcium reabsorption.
- Promotes bone resorption.
- Stimulates formation of 1,25 DHCC in kidney which enhances calcium absorption from the gut.
What is a tendon?
Dense regularly arranged tissue that attaches muscle to bone-transmits force. Highest tensile strength of all connective tissue, lots of collagen, closely packed parallel arrangement in the direction of force. 3 components: tendon, bone insertion, muscle tendon junction.
What is neuropraxia?
A type of peripheral nerve injury, and is known as the mildest form of nerve injury. It is classified as a transient conduction block of motor or sensory function without nerve degeneration, although loss of motor function is the most common finding.
What is proprioception?
Movement sense- awareness of joint movement (kinaestheiss) and position sense- awareness of static joint position. Allows us to know where are limbs are in space without having to look.
Name some cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors?
Meissner’s corpuscle, Merkel disk, hair follicle receptor, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini’s ending.
What does the paraxial mesoderm do?
Forms from cells moving bilaterally and cranially from the primitive streak. Lies adjacent to notochord and neural tube and it forms somites.
What does the intermediate mesoderm do?
It forms the genitourinary system.
What does the lateral plate mesoderm do?
Split by a cavity (intraembryonic coelom) into two layers:
1) Somatic and parietal layer. 2) Splanchnic or visceral layer.
How are somites formed?
When the paraxial mesoderm gets organised into segments. These form alongside the developing neural tube in a craniocaudual sequence over time from d20.
How many somites are present by the end of week 5?
42-44 pairs.
