EXTRAS

Question 1

what are the cells in the islets of langerhans and what do they produce?

Answer 1

beta cells - insulin
alpha cells - glucagon
delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

Question 2

how does somatostatin affect pancreatic secretions?

Answer 2

decrease them

Question 3

how does cholecystokinin affect pancreatic secretions?

Answer 3

increases enzymatic secretions

Question 4

how does secretin affect pancreatic secretions?

Answer 4

increases water and electrolyte secretions

Question 5

what will not be absorbed in pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 5

fats
fat soluble vitamins ADEK
vitamin B12

Question 6

what do the acing cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 6

enzymatic secretions e.g. trypsinogen, procarboxylate, amylase and elastase

Question 7

what do the ductal and centroacinar cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 7

aqueous secretions including Na+, HCO3-, K+, water and Cl-

Question 8

whats the arterial supply to the pancreas?

Answer 8

head pancreaticoduodenal artery

tail splenic artery

Question 9

whats the incubation time for hep A?

Answer 9

2-4 weeks

Question 10

whats the incubation time for Hep E?

Answer 10

2-10 weeks

Question 11

whats the incubation time for Hep C?

Answer 11

2 weeks - 6 months

Question 12

whats the incubation time for hep B?

Answer 12

1-6 months

Question 13

what type of virus is hep a?

Answer 13

ss+ RNA hepatovirus

Question 14

what type of virus is hep B?

Answer 14

double stranded DNA virus

Question 15

what type of virus is hep C?

Answer 15

SS+ RNA flavivirus

Question 16

what type of virus is hep D?

Answer 16

ss - RNA delta virus

Question 17

what type of virus is hep E?

Answer 17

ss + RNA picornavirus

Question 18

what is fulminant hepatitis?

Answer 18

a clinical syndrome of severe liver function impairment which causes hepatic command the decrease in synthesising capacity of the liver. Develops within 8 weeks of the onset of hepatitis. i.e. acute liver failure

Question 19

what are councilman bodies?

Answer 19

hepatocytes undergoing apoposis - seen in viral hepatitis

Question 20

what will be higher in viral hepatitis, ALT or AST?

Answer 20

ALT

Question 21

which viral hepatitis infections can you vaccinate against?

Answer 21

A and B

Question 22

what type of vaccine is hep A?

Answer 22

inactivated preparation

Question 23

what type of vaccine is for hep B?

Answer 23

subunit/conjugate vaccine

Question 24

why can viral hepatitis lead to renal failure?

Answer 24

it can cause membranous glomerulonephropathy

Question 25

what is HBsAg?

Answer 25

hepatitis B surface antigen

Question 26

what is HBcAg?

Answer 26

hepatitis B core antigen

Question 27

what does it mean if HBsAg is positive?

Answer 27

person is currently infected with hepatitis B and is able to pass the infection on to others.

Question 28

what does it mean if HBcAg is positive?

Answer 28

an active infection with the hepatitis B virus, likely in someone with chronic hepatitis B

Question 29

what is HBeAg?

Answer 29

Hepatitis B e-antigen

Question 30

what does positive HBeAg mean?

Answer 30

marker of an actively replicating HBV virus infection

Question 31

what does it mean if anti-HBc IgM is positive?

Answer 31

recent infection with hepatitis B virus (<6 mos).

Question 32

what does it mean if anti-HBc IgG is positive?

Answer 32

chronic hep B infection

Question 33

what are the 3 pathways in which alcohol can be broken down in hepatocytes?

Answer 33

CYP450 2E1 catalase in peroxisomes alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 34

whats an example of a reactive oxygen species?

Answer 34

hydrogen peroxide

Question 35

what are mallory bodies?

Answer 35

damaged intermediate filaments

Question 36

what typically causes mallory bodies?

Answer 36

alcoholic induced liver disease

Question 37

what is perivenular fibrosis?

Answer 37

when scar tissue forms around the central veins in the liver

Question 38

whats higher in alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT or AST?

Answer 38

AST

Question 39

what is the definition of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 39

``` 3 of 5 of the following... obesity hypertension diabetes hypertriglyceridemia hyperlipidemia ```

Question 40

whats the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

Answer 40

insulin receptors become less responsive to insulin more fat is taken up by cells and less fatty oxidation occurs accumulation of fat droplets in the cells reactive oxygen species form and cause breakdown of lipid membranes of hepatocytes cell death generates inflammation stellate cells can the start to put down fibrous tissue

Question 41

what will be higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT or AST?

Answer 41

ALT

Question 42

what is a prehepatic cause of portal hypertension?

Answer 42

- Obstruction e.g. thrombus occluding the portal vein

Question 43

what is an intrahepatic cause of portal hypertension

Answer 43

- Cirrhosis - Shistosmiasis - Sarcoidosis

Question 44

what is a post hepatic cause of portal hypertension

Answer 44

- Budd chiari syndrome - Right sided heart failure - Constrictive pericarditis

Question 45

what is schistosomiasis?

Answer 45

when fluke worms (trematode worms) invade the liver

Question 46

what is sarcoidosis?

Answer 46

when granulomas form in the liver from inflammatory cells

Question 47

what is Budd chiari syndrome?

Answer 47

When a thrombus or tumour obstructs the venous flow towards the inferior vena cava

Question 48

what type of anaemia does liver disease usually cause?

Answer 48

macrocytic

Question 49

which ligament connects the liver do the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 49

falciform ligament

Question 50

what is the volume of distribution?

Answer 50

theoretical volume that the total amount of administered drug would have to occupy to provide the same concentration as it currently is in blood plasma