Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

xB15W2 > EXTRAS > Flashcards

EXTRAS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cells in the islets of langerhans and what do they produce?

A

beta cells - insulin
alpha cells - glucagon
delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does somatostatin affect pancreatic secretions?

A

decrease them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does cholecystokinin affect pancreatic secretions?

A

increases enzymatic secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does secretin affect pancreatic secretions?

A

increases water and electrolyte secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what will not be absorbed in pancreatic insufficiency?

A

fats
fat soluble vitamins ADEK
vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do the acing cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

enzymatic secretions e.g. trypsinogen, procarboxylate, amylase and elastase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do the ductal and centroacinar cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

aqueous secretions including Na+, HCO3-, K+, water and Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

whats the arterial supply to the pancreas?

A

head pancreaticoduodenal artery

tail splenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats the incubation time for hep A?

A

2-4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

whats the incubation time for Hep E?

A

2-10 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

whats the incubation time for Hep C?

A

2 weeks - 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whats the incubation time for hep B?

A

1-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of virus is hep a?

A

ss+ RNA hepatovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of virus is hep B?

A

double stranded DNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of virus is hep C?

A

SS+ RNA flavivirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what type of virus is hep D?

A

ss - RNA delta virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of virus is hep E?

A

ss + RNA picornavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is fulminant hepatitis?

A

a clinical syndrome of severe liver function impairment which causes hepatic command the decrease in synthesising capacity of the liver. Develops within 8 weeks of the onset of hepatitis. i.e. acute liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are councilman bodies?

A

hepatocytes undergoing apoposis - seen in viral hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what will be higher in viral hepatitis, ALT or AST?

A

ALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which viral hepatitis infections can you vaccinate against?

A

A and B

22
Q

what type of vaccine is hep A?

A

inactivated preparation

23
Q

what type of vaccine is for hep B?

A

subunit/conjugate vaccine

24
Q

why can viral hepatitis lead to renal failure?

A

it can cause membranous glomerulonephropathy

25
Q

what is HBsAg?

A

hepatitis B surface antigen

26
Q

what is HBcAg?

A

hepatitis B core antigen

27
Q

what does it mean if HBsAg is positive?

A

person is currently infected with hepatitis B and is able to pass the infection on to others.

28
Q

what does it mean if HBcAg is positive?

A

an active infection with the hepatitis B virus, likely in someone with chronic hepatitis B

29
Q

what is HBeAg?

A

Hepatitis B e-antigen

30
Q

what does positive HBeAg mean?

A

marker of an actively replicating HBV virus infection

31
Q

what does it mean if anti-HBc IgM is positive?

A

recent infection with hepatitis B virus (<6 mos).

32
Q

what does it mean if anti-HBc IgG is positive?

A

chronic hep B infection

33
Q

what are the 3 pathways in which alcohol can be broken down in hepatocytes?

A

CYP450 2E1
catalase in peroxisomes
alcohol dehydrogenase

34
Q

whats an example of a reactive oxygen species?

A

hydrogen peroxide

35
Q

what are mallory bodies?

A

damaged intermediate filaments

36
Q

what typically causes mallory bodies?

A

alcoholic induced liver disease

37
Q

what is perivenular fibrosis?

A

when scar tissue forms around the central veins in the liver

38
Q

whats higher in alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT or AST?

A

AST

39
Q

what is the definition of metabolic syndrome?

A 
3 of 5 of the following...
obesity
hypertension
diabetes
hypertriglyceridemia
hyperlipidemia
40
Q

whats the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

insulin receptors become less responsive to insulin
more fat is taken up by cells and less fatty oxidation occurs
accumulation of fat droplets in the cells
reactive oxygen species form and cause breakdown of lipid membranes of hepatocytes
cell death
generates inflammation
stellate cells can the start to put down fibrous tissue

41
Q

what will be higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT or AST?

A

ALT

42
Q

what is a prehepatic cause of portal hypertension?

A
  • Obstruction e.g. thrombus occluding the portal vein
43
Q

what is an intrahepatic cause of portal hypertension

A
  • Cirrhosis
  • Shistosmiasis
  • Sarcoidosis
44
Q

what is a post hepatic cause of portal hypertension

A
  • Budd chiari syndrome
  • Right sided heart failure
  • Constrictive pericarditis
45
Q

what is schistosomiasis?

A

when fluke worms (trematode worms) invade the liver

46
Q

what is sarcoidosis?

A

when granulomas form in the liver from inflammatory cells

47
Q

what is Budd chiari syndrome?

A

When a thrombus or tumour obstructs the venous flow towards the inferior vena cava

48
Q

what type of anaemia does liver disease usually cause?

A

macrocytic

49
Q

which ligament connects the liver do the anterior abdominal wall?

A

falciform ligament

50
Q

what is the volume of distribution?

A

theoretical volume that the total amount of administered drug would have to occupy to provide the same concentration as it currently is in blood plasma

xB15W2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions