Extractivism and Neo-extractivism

Question 1

What agricultural modernising forces are present in Africa?

Answer 1

• The African state – interventions via development projects and crop marketing
• External Trade - Markets & International terms of trade;
• Donors - World Bank, FAO, western governments, NGOs, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
• Application of Science and Technology

Question 2

What are the Impact of Agricultural Development on Gender Relations?

Answer 2

• Gendered assumptions- impact of new technology;
• Cash crops promoted to men and food crops left to women to produce;
• Women’s labour used in cash crop production;
• Female-headed households- twice as likely to be poverty-stricken;
• Women disadvantaged through inheritance;
• Laws and individualization of property rights;
• Women in rural waged labour market.