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LAB - PORG121 > EXTRACTION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION (EXPT 3) > Flashcards

EXTRACTION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION (EXPT 3) Flashcards

1
Q

A process that selectively dissolves one or more compounds into an appropriate solvent.

A

Extraction

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2
Q

The resulting solution from extraction is called an ?

A

Extract

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3
Q

Refers to the transfer of compounds from one liquid solvent to another one.

A

Extraction

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4
Q

Can be used to separate unwanted impurities or to separate mixtures of compounds.

A

Extraction

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5
Q

The two solvents for extraction must be?

A

Immiscible

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6
Q

Can be defined as preparations of crude drugs which contain all the constituents which are soluble in the solvent.

A

Extracts

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7
Q

Solid residue obtain after extraction.

A

Marc

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8
Q

Solvent used for extraction.

A

Menstruum

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9
Q

Extraction is to _______ a compound from one layer to another.

A

pull out

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10
Q

A compound partitions more toward where it is more _____ (equilibrium).

A

Soluble

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11
Q

A compound partitions more toward where it is more _____ (equilibrium).

A

Soluble

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12
Q

_______ extractions may be needed to completely extract a substance.

A

Multiple

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13
Q

Parts of separatory funnel

A
  • stopcock
  • solute in organic phase
  • solute in aqueous phase
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14
Q

Factors affecting extraction process

A
  • Nature of drug
  • Solvent
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Particle size
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15
Q

Methods of Extraction

A
  • Infusion
  • Decoction
  • Digestion
  • Maceration
  • Percolation
  • Continues hot extraction
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16
Q

Fresh _____ are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or boiling water.

A

Infusion

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17
Q

These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.

A

Infusion

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18
Q

Types of Fresh Infusion

A
  • Fresh Infusion
  • Concentrated Infusion
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19
Q

Fresh Infusion example

A

Infusion of Orange

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20
Q

Concentrated Infusion example

A

Concentrated infusion of Quassia

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21
Q

In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is then cooled and strained or filtered.

A

Decoction

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22
Q

This procedure is suitablr for extracting water-soluble, heat stable constituents.

A

Decoction

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23
Q

Example of this procedure is Tea & Coffee.

A

Decoction

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24
Q

A form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction.

A

Digestion

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25
Q

It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable.

A

Digestion

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26
Q

The solvent efficiency of the menstruum is thereby increased.

27
Q

Example of this procedure is Extraction of Morphine.

28
Q

In this process, solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with the whole of the solvent and allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days (3 - 7 days) with freuqent agitation, until soluble matter is dissolved.

A

Maceration

29
Q

The mixture is then strained (through sieves / nets), the marc pressed and the combined liquids clarified (cleaned by filtration) or by decantation, after standing.

A

Maceration

30
Q

It is continuous downward displacement of the solvent through the bed of crude drug material to get extract.

A

Percolation

31
Q

Most frequently used to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts.

A

Percolation

32
Q

It is the method of short successive maceration or process of displacement

A

Percolation

33
Q

A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is generally used.

A

Percolation

34
Q

Steps in Percolation

A
  1. Size reduction
  2. Imbibition
  3. Packing
  4. Maceration
  5. Percolation
35
Q

Continuous extraction of a component from a solid mixture.

A

Soxhlet Extractor

36
Q

Boiling solvent vapors rise up through the larger side- arm.

Condensed drops of solvent fall into the porous cup, dissolving out the desired component from a solid mixture. When the smaller side-arm fills to overflowing, it initiates a siphoning action.

The solvent, containing the dissolved component, is siphoned into the boiler below residual solvent then drains out of the porous cup, as fresh solvent drops continue to fall into the porous cup. and the cycle repeats.

A

Soxhlet Extractor

37
Q

Used in separation of immiscible liquids.

A

Separatory Funnel

38
Q

Separatory Funnel Flowchart

A

Extract > Separate > Dry > Evaporate

39
Q

A liquid substance capable to dissolve other substances (solutes) without chemical changes.

40
Q

Molecular structure of solvents
Inorganic solvents
Organic solvents

A

Types of solvents

41
Q

Ability of a substance to dissolve another substance is determined by compatibility of their molecular structures (like dissolves like).

A

Molecular Structure of Solvents

42
Q

Polar Protic Solvents
Dipolar Aprotic Solvents
Non-polar Solvents

A

Types of Molecular Structure of Solvents:

43
Q

A polar protic molecule consists of a polar group OH and a non-polar tail.

The structure may be represented by a formula R-OH. Polar protic solvents dissolve other substances with polar protic molecular structure.

A

Polar Protic Solvents

44
Q

Polar protic solvents are miscible with _____ (hydrophilic).

45
Q

Examples of ______________: water (H-OH), acetic acid (CH3CO-OH)methanol (CH3-OH), ethanol (CH3CH2-OH), n-propanol (CH3CH2CH2-OH), n-butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2-OH).

A

Polar Protic Solvents

46
Q

Molecules possess a large bond dipole moment (a measure of polarity of a molecule chemical bond).

They do not contain OH group.

A

Dipolar Aprotic Solvents

47
Q

Examples of ___________: acetone (CH3)2C=O, ethyl acetate (CH3CO2CH2CH3), dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO, acetonitrile (CH3CN). dimethylformamide (CH3)2NC(O)H.

A

Dipolar Aprotic Solvents

48
Q

Are hydrophobic (immiscible with water).

Are liphophilic as they dissolve non-polar substances such as oils, fats, greases.

A

Non-polar solvents

49
Q

Examples of ___________: carbon tetrachloride (CCI4), benzene (C6H6), and diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), hexane methylene chloride (CH2Cl2). (CH3(CH2)4CH3),

A

non-polar solvents

50
Q

The most popular inorganic (not containing carbon) solvents are ?

A

Water (H2O), and aqueous solutions containing special additives (surfactants, detergents, PH buffers, inhibitors).

51
Q

Other __________ are liquid anhydrous Ammonia (NH3), concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sulfuryl chloride fluoride (SO2CIF).

A

Inorganic solvents

52
Q

A type of volatile organic compound (VOC).

A

Organic Solvent

53
Q

Are organic chemicals which vaporize at room temperature.

A

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

54
Q

__________ are useful for dissolving certain materials and substances.

__________ are often used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, footwear, paints, varnishes and adhesives.

A

Organic Solvents

55
Q

Types of ______ compounds used as solvents include: Aromatic compounds, eg benzene and toluene

Alcohols, eg methanol
Esters and ethers
Ketones, eg acetone
Amines
Nitrated and halogenated hydrocarbons

56
Q

Two immiscible solvents:

A
  1. A polar one (frequently water)
  2. Nonpolar one (an organic solvent)
57
Q

Nonpolar hydrocarbons and ethers (polar) are ____ dense than water, so the water tends to move to the bottom.

58
Q

Most chlorinated solvents are ____ dense than water, so the water will be on top.

59
Q
  1. Be highly selective for the compound to be extracted.
  2. Not react with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
  3. Have a low price.
  4. Be harmless to man and to the environment.
  5. Be completely volatile.
    6.. Should not mix up with water.
  6. Should have the big capacity in relation to extractive.
  7. The density of solvent should be difference from water density.
  8. Should have the minimum viscosity.
A

Ideal Properties of the Solvents

60
Q

Defined as a drug because it stimulates the central nervous system, causing increased alertness.

61
Q

This gives most people a temporary energy boost and elevates mood.

This is in tea, coffee, chocolate, many soft drinks, and pain relievers and other over- the-counter medications.

62
Q

Caffeine is soluble in water, but is more soluble in _____.

63
Q

Title of Experiment #3?

A

Extraction and Recrystallization

LAB - PORG121 (3 decks)

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