Extra stuff from document Flashcards
What is CRP and what are it’s funcitions?
produced in the liver, binds to bacteria and then acts as an opsonin assisting in phagocytosis. Acts as a cytokine too.
What test is used to differentiate between the two main groups of gram +ve cocci - streptococci and staphylococci?
The catalase test
Staphylococci - catalase positive and exist in clusters
Streptococci - catalase negative and exist in chains
Describe the structure of nisseria meningitidis
gram negative diplodoccus
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Severe headache/vomiting/photophobia/head and neck rash
Name two major causes of bacterial meningitis
Nisseria meningitidis/Haemophilia influenzae/Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the strucutre of H. influenzae?
What three diseases can it cause?
gram negative rod
Meningitis/pneumonia/sepsis
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive diplodoccus. It is a major member of the viridans streptococci, so what colour is it ?
Green
What are the clinical signs and symtpoms ssociated with pneumonia
Coughing sputum/breathless/pleuritic chest pain
High RR, Low sats, crackling over lungs
Name three virulence factors that Streptococcus pyogenes has
Capsule/M protein/streptolysins/DNAses/streptokinase/pyrogenic exotoxins
Name three diseases caused by streptococcus pyogenes
cellulitis/acute pharyngitis (tonsilitis)/impetigo/sepsis/erysipelas/necrotising fascitis/toxic shock syndrome
What antibiotic would you give to a pateint infected with nisseria meningitidis or H. influenzae?
Ceftriaxone
How would you trreat pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?
Co-amoxiclav, add doxycycline if its not working
What drug would you use to treat S. pyogenes infection, what if resistant?
Flucoxacillin, doxycycline if resistant
What organisms does doxycycline target?
Gram positive
Describe three virulence factors of S. aureus
Haemolysins/coagulase/superantigen toxins/catalase/fibronectin binding protein
S. aureus is a very important organism, name three diseases it can cause
Staph aureus commonly causes lesions and cysts/
MRSA/cellulitis/wound infection/pneumonia/endocarditis/sepsis/toxic shock syndrome
Apart from MRSA what is the treatment for cellulitis?
Flucoxicillin
MRSA is methicillin resistant staph aureus so requires vancomycin
What are the two major causes of cellulitis? How to treat?
S. pyogenes and S. aureus, both are treated with flucoxicillin
What are the major organisms causing community acquired pneumonia??
Streptococcus pneumoniae/H. influenzae/S. aureus
What are some specific symtpoms of MRSA keeping in mind that it is caused by S. aureus?
Abcesses, swollen skin, infected wounds, malaise
What is the treatment regime for MRSA?
Drain any abcesses/isolate the patient/prescribe a decolonisation agent/prescribe vancomycin IV
What is the treatment for community acquired pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae?
Doxycycline
Vancomycin is only used on gram positive species, what are it’s two major uses?
MRSA and C. dif
Clostridium difficile is a gram positive rod which causes chronic diarrhoea. It is commonly associated with recent antibiotic use. What is the alternative treatment for it if Vancomycin doesn’t work?
Metranidazole
What are the two major causes of pharyngitits?
S. pyogenes and EBV
Name three common signs associated with endocarditis
Lesions on palms and feet/nodules on fingers and toes/spots in the eye/ splinter haemorrhages under the nail bed/poor gum state/heart murmur
What are the major causes of endocarditis (bacterial)
Coagulase negative staph/S. aureus/viridans streptococci (S. pneumoniae)
Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative organism, what is it commonly associated with?
Gastric ulcers and chronic gastritis
Give three symptoms/signs of hepatitis
Jaundice/fatigue/RUQ pain/clotting deficiency/weight loss/anorexia/anaemia/fatigue
What are the four major complications associated with AIDS
Kaposi’s sarcoma/PCP/oral thrush/malignancies
Give three infections which E. coli can cause
UTI/traveller’s diarrhoea/peritonitis/septicaemia/neonatal meningitis
what is the treatment for neonatal meningitis
Ceftoxamine
What is the treatment for most E. coli infections?
Trimethoprim - nitrofurantoin if resistant
What ar ethe four opportunistic infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Pneumonia in CF
UTI in diabetes
Malignant otis externa in diabetes
Pneumonia in COPD
