EXTRA RESEARCH FLASH 1.2 + 1.3

Question 1

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT through time- USA: 🏳️‍🌈

-1924?

Answer 1

• The Society for Human Rights is founded by Henry Gerber in Chicago. The society is the first gay rights organization as well as the oldest documented in America
• American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom. Soon after its founding, the society disbands due to political pressure.

Question 2

1948? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 2

-Biologist and sex researcher Alfred Kinsey publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Male-surprise many conservative notions about sexuality.

Question 3

1950? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 3

• gay rights activist Harry Hay founds America’s first sustained national gay rights organization. In an attempt to change public perception of homosexuality
• Over the previous few years, more than 4,380 gay men and women had been discharged from the military and around 500 fired from their jobs with the government. The purging will become known as the “lavender scare.”

Question 4

1952? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 4

-The American Psychiatric Association lists homosexuality as a sociopathic personality disturbance

Question 5

1953? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 5

-President Dwight Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10450, banning homosexuals from working for the federal government or any of its private contractors. The Order lists homosexuals as security risks, along with alcoholics and neurotics.

Question 6

1958? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 6

-landmark case One, Inc. v. Olesen, the United States Supreme Court rules in favor of the First Amendment rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) magazine “One: The Homosexual Magazine.”

Question 7

1962? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 7

-Illinois repeals its sodomy laws, becoming the first U.S. state to decriminalize homosexuality.

Question 8

1966? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 8

• stage a “sip-in” at the Julius Bar in Greenwich Village, where the New York Liquor Authority prohibits serving gay patrons in bars on the basis that homosexuals are “disorderly.”
• Although no laws are overturned, the New York City Commission on Human Rights declares that homosexuals have the right to be served.

Question 9

1969? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 9

• Patrons of the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village riot when police officers attempt to raid the popular gay bar around 1am. Since its establishment in 1967, the bar had been frequently raided by police officers trying to clean up the neighborhood of “sexual deviants.”
• Angry gay youth clash with aggressive police officers in the streets, leading to a three-day riot during which thousands of protestors receive only minimal local news coverage.

Question 10

1970? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 10

-Christopher St. Liberation Day commemorates the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Following the event, thousands of members of the LGBT community march through New York into Central Park, in what will be considered America’s first gay pride parade.

Question 11

1973? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 11

-board of the American Psychiatric Association votes to remove homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses.

Question 12

1979? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 12

-estimated 75,000 people participate in the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. LGBT people and straight allies demand equal civil rights and urge for the passage of protective civil rights legislature.

Question 13

1980? 🏳️‍🌈

Answer 13

-The Democratic Rules Committee states that it will not discriminate against homosexuals. At their National Convention on August 11-14, the Democrats become the first major political party to endorse a homosexual rights platform.

Question 14

Nation of Islam?

Answer 14

• own black state within America
• founded 1930
• combined traditional Islam with black nationalist ideas
• promotes racial unity and strict codes of discipline
• suppresses in WW2-refused military service but rebounded in 1950s by Malcolm X

Question 15

Black Power?

Answer 15

• CRM didn’t go far enough- protesting segregation didn’t adequately address the poverty and powerlessness the generations of systematic discrimination
• “by any means necessary”
• March Against Fear- 1966- Voting rights march in Mississippi originally set off by James Meredith but was shot so taken over by CRM- wall 200 miles
• after Carmichael-arrested by law enforcement while walking through Mississippi called for Black Power- not first to coin but first to use in such a Public way
• riots in more than 100 US cities as a response to King’s assassination 1968
• Black Panthers became targets of FBI’s counter intelligence programs- COINTELPRO- weakened in mid 1970s- spying, wiretrapping…

Question 16

Three major CRL:

Answer 16

1) MLK- SCLC
2) Stokely Carmichael- SNCC
3) Floyd McKissick of CORE

Question 17

-Great Migration:

Answer 17

• Relocation of more than 6 million African Americans
• Around 1916 when GM began a factory wage in urban North was typically 3x more than what Black People could expect to make whole working the land in the rural south
• newspapers advertised eg: Chicago Defender
• 1910-20 Northern cities grew eg: New York-66%, Chicago- 148% and Philadelphia- 500%, Detroit 611%
• excluded from G.I. Bill- harder to attain higher education
• increased political activism
• artistic movement- Harlem Renaissance
• created own cities within big cities eg: Harlem in NY, formerly all white, 1920s- 200,000 African Americans
• Chicago Race Riot of 1919- lasted 13 days, 38 dead, 537 injured, 1000 made homeless

Question 18

Women in 1920s:

Answer 18

• 1920= Margaret Sanger- provide contraception to women- sparked wave of women’s rights to birth control
• some drove cars into cities- Henry Ford
• Lois Long- wrote under pseudonym Lipstick chronicling a flapper lifestyle
• subjected advertising-perfume, cosmetics, cigarettes- cover of ‘vanity fair’ and ‘life’
• flappers in film eg: 1928 ‘Gentlemen prefer Blondies’ and the first in 1923 ‘Flaming Youth’
• dance- Charleston

Question 19

Criticism of the flappers:

Answer 19

• not all took to women’s newfound sexual freedom and consumer ethos
• Utah attempted to pass legislation on length of women’s skirts, similarly Virginia and Ohio tried to ban revealing clothes
• women on beaches in bathing suits- some escorted by police and arrested if refused
• A Washington DC hostess Mrs John B Henderson attempted to start a mass movement against what she considered vulgar fashions- appealed to women’s colleges and clubs for help
• received criticism for women’s rights activists eg: Charlotte Perkins Gilman who felt had gone too far in embrace of licentiousness
• ended with Wall Street Crash and Hays Code
• coco Chanel 1923 ‘garçonne look’- high hemlines, no waistlines and sleeveless tops

Question 20

Some statistics for women in 1920s eg: employment and house work:

Answer 20

• by 1929 more than 1/4 of all women and 1/2 of single women employed
• 1/3 of working women in 20s were domestic servants or clerical/ factory/ store workers
• average weekly wage for men in 1927- $29.35 compared to $17.34 for women
• By 1927 nearly 2/3rds of USA homes would have electricity- house work quick
• only 10% of women in 1920s kept job after marriage and mostly to support husband- working class

Question 21

What is the 1935 Wagner Act?

Answer 21

• happens under New Deal (positive impact)
• also known as National Labor Relations Act and set up Nation Labor Relations Board- resolved labour disputes
• the act addresses relations between unions and employers in private sectors and strengthened unions
• prohibited employers engaging in unfair labour practices
• but some excluded eg: agricultural workers, domestic, independent contractors…

Question 22

What did Greensboro sit in allow the formation of?

Answer 22

-SNCC (set up in 1960)

Question 23

Name a key organiser and rider in the 1961 freedom rides (key individual):

Answer 23

-James Farmer

Question 24

What do ‘A commission of Enquiry on the Status of Women’ report publish in 1963?

Answer 24

-Betty Feidan’s ‘Feminine Mystique’

Question 25

Other than the NAACP, what other organisation was involved in Montgomery?

Answer 25

-MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association)

Question 26

What did Truman set up in 1951 (Postive impact)? What was this?

Answer 26

• committee on Government Contract Compliance Urban Renewal Programme
• use the power of federal purchasing when buying defence equipment to ensure that any company which wished to be considered by the government for supplying military equipment to the armed forces had to have an equal policy towards minorities. That the federal government could make or break a major defence company, meant that in theory, the companies would adhere to Truman’s wishes. However, CGCC had no power of enforcement which infuriated African American leaders, but it was a forerunner of much more potent federal legislation to come.

-His urban renewal programme did backfire. The programme was designed to make squalid urban areas more pleasant to live in which meant knocking done substandard housing estates and building more open public housing estates. His idea was to make more pleasant what had been previously ghettos. However, fewer houses lead to many African American families becoming homeless. The programme built fewer homes than it knocked down.

Question 27

What did Truman and his administration do?

Answer 27

• Truman was the first president since Lincoln to openly address the civil rights issue (addresses NAACP and proposed anti-lynching and fair employment laws)
• his administration published “To Secure These Rights” in 1947 a drive was started in 1948 to end discrimination in federal employment in 1950, the Supreme Court all but overturned what is referred to as Plessy v Ferguson. These were a series of laws dating from 1896 which effectively approved the “Jim Crow” segregation laws that characterised the South. The laws introduced the “separate but equal” philosophy of the south – but with the backing of the highest legal body in America
• 1946, Truman did establish a civil rights committee whose task was to examine violence against African Americans within America itself
• In the civil service, the Federal Employment Board was created in 1948 to give minorities equal treatment in federal employment agencies. However, it was short of money from the first and many in federal agencies were far too conservative to give it their support. However, the Executive Order had set a precedent about the desire to have equality
• 1950-end of discrimination in federal employment
• believed purpose of federal government was to protect ALL it’s citizens

Question 28

What else did Truman bring to light?

Answer 28

-Amidst Cold War- Freedom vs Autocracy

Question 29

-Truman also appointed some AA’s to significant posts- explain this further: who? Cases?

Answer 29

• Truman also appointed non-whites to unprecedented positions of power in the executive and judicial branches= Among his appointments was William Henry Hastie, the first African American to serve as a federal appellate judge
• In civil rights cases like Sweatt v. Painter, the Justice Department briefs that supported ending segregation.
• In December 1952, the Truman administration filed a brief for the case of Brown v. Board of Education; two years later, the Supreme Court’s holding in that case would effectively overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine that allowed for racial segregation in public education

Question 30

How many reporters were there at Little Rock Nine?

Answer 30

-250

Question 31

What does the shutting of Greensboro suggest?

Answer 31

-drastic measures and bomb scare suggests that protests were working (Make sure link back each time- good example)

Question 32

What inspiration did Greensboro get from Gandhi?

Answer 32

-influenced by the techniques used by Gandhi and CORE tactics with the ‘Journey of Reconciliation’

Question 33

What individual was involved in originating Greensboro, why is this significant in itself?

Answer 33

-Ralph Johns- local WHITE businessmen- helped to plan sit-ins

Question 34

What did the Freedom Summer also help create?

Answer 34

-The Mississippi Project where 40 freedom schools were established

Question 35

What areas could you look at in success of direct action?

Answer 35

1) Education
2) Public Places eg: Greensboro, Birmingham, Ghetto Riots (1961 Albany Movement challenges all forms of segregation in Georgia)
3) Voting Rights and access
4) Employment and income
5) Housing
6) Public support
7) Transport
8) Governmental support and legislation

Question 36

What could the US attorney General do in voting?

Answer 36

-could send examiners to register AA in areas where it was deemed this was not being done properly

Question 37

What was passed in 1968?

Answer 37

-Fair Housing Act- prohibited racial discrimination in housing

Question 38

What was MLK awarded in 1964? Why is this significant?

Answer 38

-MLK awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1964- shows public opinion was changing

Question 39

What’s a limitation to public spaces?

Answer 39

-eg: Birmingham 1963 is an example of how desegregation was only achieved in certain areas/ regions not nationwide

Question 40

In the New Deal what Administration gave jobs to AA? What other organisations?

Answer 40

• The Works Progress Administration and its Federal Writers Project helped many black authors eg: Arna Bontemps
• Congress of Industrial Organisation (CIO) which organised a large number of black workers unions for first time. By 1940 there were more than 200,000 in CIO

Question 41

What could say overall impact of New Deal was?

Answer 41

-overall positive, however implementation of his policies were not always complete. Roosevelt took the first se too towards equal rights with the executive order 8802 but people did not respect the values underpinning this. As seen by the fact that white workers were often prioritised in government projects over AA workers

Question 42

Give an example of negative impacts of WW2- lack of integration:

Answer 42

• lieutenant Jackie Robinson refused to comply with bus segregation at FT Hood- led to confrontations and significant violence
• (extra= was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947)

Question 43

When was Immigration Restriction League and when did it pass bill?

Answer 43

• 1894

- Bill=1896

Question 44

When was Betty Friedan?

Answer 44

-1921-2006

Question 45

How did membership of NOW change?

Answer 45

• rose over 50%
• 1000 in 1967
• 40,000 in 1974

Question 46

What other women’s organisations formed?

Answer 46

• Mexican American Women’s organisation
• National Alliance of Black Feminists
• Congress of Labour Union Women
• therefore, didn’t represent women as a whole and aims were broad- varied, didn’t all want same thing

Question 47

Henry Ford- how much did Detroit’s population grow?

Answer 47

• 1910=465,766

- 1920=993,678

Question 48

Gandhi?

Answer 48

-1869-1948

Question 48

MLK?

Answer 48

-1929-1968

Question 49

Malcolm X

Answer 49

-1925-65

Question 50

Cesar Chavez?

Answer 50

-1927-1993