Extra missed

Question 1

Lipoprotein a

Answer 1

Risk indicator for bad cholesterol
LDL-like particle

34 isoforms, highly polymorphic

280-800kDa

Question 2

Apolipoprotein a

Answer 2

Kinrgle domain triple looped lysine binding structure. 3 disulfide bonds.

One domain has free thiol group

Type 0 kringle bind to lysine residue.

competes with plasmin for binding to fibrin

Question 3

Healthy

Answer 3

Lower lipoprotein a, LDL

Increase HDL

Question 4

Current guidelines

Answer 4

TC 1mM 39mg/dL

Question 5

Lowering high cholesterol

Answer 5

Dietary 300mg/day

reduce saturated FA by 50%

switch from sucrose to polysaccharide carb

Fish oil PUFA, compete for arachindonate, preventing thromboxane production

Plant sterols that inhibit cholesterol absorption.

• Sitosterol
• Azetidinone, Ezetimibe

Increase bile salt production

• anion exchanger resins
• reduce LDL cholesterol by 15-25%

Fibrates
derived from fibric acid
this affects lipoprotein synthesis
^Apo A1 gene and LPL activity
Lower Apo CIII expression

Nicotinic acid - lipoprotein synthesis
Niacin/B3
Decrease hepatic syn of ApoB contain lipoproteins

Statins - mevalonate pathway
3-Hydroxy-3methyl-glutarylCoA > mevalonic acid

Question 6

What is athersclerosis

Answer 6

Thickens blood and loses elasticity

Fatty streak then proliferation of smooth muscle cells and lipid accumilation in “foam” cells. This is caused by accumuliation of lipid

Angina pectoris (Blood pressure and pain in chest and left arm)

Question 7

Foam cells

Answer 7

macrophages that is packed with cholesterol, which can erupt releasing cholesterol deposits

Question 8

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

Answer 8

Disorder of LDL receptor

Elevation of LDL cholesterol

Cholesterol deposited in unusual sites

Autosomal dominant

Question 9

Thrombolytic treatments

Answer 9

Aspirin which prevents further clotting

Streptokinase, plasminogen activating factor

Question 10

Angioplasty

Answer 10

Widening of a narrowed/obstructured blood vessel