extra cards

Question 1

How are attributuble risks computed

Answer 1

[(Incidence in population) - (Incidence in unexposed group)]/ (Incidence in population)

Question 2

The rate of the phenomenon in a population relates to ..

Answer 2

the frequency of cases.

Question 3

highest rank of study design in the epidemiologist’s tool kit

Answer 3

randomized controlled trial

Question 4

the proportion of people with the condition who have a positive test result.

Answer 4

sensitivity

Question 5

The proportion of people without the condition who have a negative test result.

Answer 5

specificity

Question 6

The proportion of people with a positive test who actually have the condition. OR negative test who don’t have the condition

Answer 6

predictive value

Question 7

BIOSTATS

Answer 7

• Evaluate methodologies, develop sampling techniques, and coordinate data collection to ensure research questions are properly addressed
• Provide analytical methods and software tools necessary to translate data from studies, surveys and medical testing into useful information for health care professionals
• Offer recommendations for improving processes and operating procedures, and help implement productive changes based on those recommendations

Question 8

COMMUNITY HEALTH

Answer 8

• Work with other scientists and healthcare professionals to investigate the origin and best treatment of diseases
• Research demographics, analyze data and plan educational programs to prevent future outbreaks of disease and injury
• Provide unbiased, scientific findings to policy makers, health professionals and the public

Question 9

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Answer 9

• Work with community organizations and law enforcement to predict possible emergency scenarios and plan responses
• Train organization employees in emergency response procedures
  Strive to reduce harm and panic amongst populations affected by an emergency

Question 10

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Answer 10

• Analyze field data to assess pollution levels in the air, water, and soil, as well as climate trends, animal activity, and other environmental variables
• Present written reports that clarify data findings for co-workers, inter-agency colleagues, policymakers, lawmakers, and the community at large
• Address major and minor environmental problems with sustainable, cost-effective strategies

Question 11

Paul farmer-

Answer 11

harvard epidemiologist, dead…Rwanda

Question 12

Nathan wolfe-

Answer 12

virologist

Question 13

William farr

Answer 13

diseases caused by overcrowding, helped John snow

Question 14

interventions: behavioural, pharmacological, other interventions

Answer 14

behavioural: promoting healthy living for ex.

pharmacological: Beta-blockers, angiotensin, etc.

interventions: environmental and surgical interventions

Question 15

infective dose

Answer 15

the amount required to cause infection in susceptible subjects

Question 16

factors in causation

Answer 16

Predisposing factors- age, sex, genetic traits

Enabling (or disabling) factors- low income, poor nutrition, etc.

Precipitating- exposure to specific disease agent associated with onset of disease

Reinforcing- repeated exposure, environmental conditions and unduly hard work

Question 17

difficult studies to interpret

Answer 17

cological studies usually rely on data collected for other purposes; data on different exposures and on socioeconomic factors may not be available.

• if wrong conclusions are drawn=ecological fallacy

Question 18

what was causing lung cancer dramatic increase in the 50s,
linked to?

Answer 18

• tobacco use
• asbestos dust and urban air pollution

Question 19

AIDS without treatment causes HIV patients to…

Answer 19

(about half) develop AIDS within nine years of infection

• treated with antiretrovirals

Question 20

enteritis necroticans

Answer 20

reported from meat consumption in papa New Guinea

Question 21

provide the best information about the causation of disease and the most direct measurement of the risk of developing disease.
- expensive

Answer 21

cohort studies are major undertakings and may
require long periods of follow-up since disease may occur
a long time after exposure.

• The nested case-control design makes cohort studies less expensive. The cases and controls are both chosen from a defined cohort, for which some information on expo- sures and risk factors is already available

Question 22

external validity

Answer 22

requires quality control of the measurements and judgements about the degree to which the results of a study can be extrapolated.
- beyond people, involving lab

Question 23

internal validity

Answer 23

the degree to which the results of an observation are correct for the particular group of people being studied.

Question 24

ethical issues in epidemiology

Answer 24

• informed consent
  

Question 25

verbal autospy

Answer 25

an indirect method of ascertaining biomedical causes of death from information on symptoms, signs and circumstances preceding death, obtained from the deceased person’s family.1

Question 26

Crude mortality rate=

Answer 26

number of deaths during a specific period/ number of persons at risk of dying during the same period (10^n)