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Biology > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

Section of dna providing instructions for primary structure of polypeptide

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2
Q

RNA gyrase

A

Unwinds rna

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3
Q

RNA helicase

A

Breaks h bond between two strand

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4
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Adds free rna nucleotides to template strand

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5
Q

Coding strand (sense)

A

Sequence of dna that mRNA is going to closely resemble

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6
Q

Template strand (antisense)

A

Sequence which rna polymerase is going to transcribe forming complementary base pair

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7
Q

…. strand is opposite to coding has no uracil

A

Template(antisense)

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8
Q

…. is opposite to template including uracil

A

mRNA

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9
Q

Transcription 7 stages

A

Gyrase catalyse unwinding
Helicase catalyse breakage of h bonds
Phosphorylated rna present in nucleoplasm
RNA polymerase bonds to promoter region upstream of gene
RNA polymerase catalysed addition of free nucleotides 5-3
Hydrolysis of phosphate bonds supply energy to form phosphodiester
mRNA strand exits nucleus

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10
Q

Water potential trident KPa

A

Measure of potential for water to move from one place to another

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11
Q

0KPa

A

Highest water potential

Closer to 0 higher potential

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12
Q

Water moves from area of …. to area of …..

A

High water potential to low water potential

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13
Q

Hypotonic

A

Low conc of solute so has high water potential

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14
Q

Hypertonic

A

High conc of solute so low water potential

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15
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution equal solute conc

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16
Q

Crenate

A

Shrivel lost water

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17
Q

Plasmalysed

A

Burst gaining water

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18
Q

Red blood cell

A

Erthrocyte

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19
Q

3 structures of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave
Small/flat/flexible
Less organelles

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20
Q

Erythrocytes

Biconcave

A

Increase SA:V helps increase RoD of O2

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21
Q

Erythrocytes

Small/flat/flexible

A

Change shape to fit into small places

Meaning can fit through capillaries

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22
Q

Erythrocytes

Less organelles

A

More space for more haemoglobin

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23
Q

White blood cell

A

Neutrophil

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24
Q

3 structures of neutrophil

A

Multi lobed
Granulated cytoplasm
Flexible

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25
Q

Neutrophil

Multi lobed

A

Change shape so squeeze through gaps to chase pathogens

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26
Q

Neutrophil

Granulated cytoplasm

A

Increase digestive enzymes meaning can destroy pathogens

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27
Q

Neutrophil

Flexible

A

Change it’s shape squeeze through gaps and chase pathogens

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28
Q

Tissues

A

Group of specialised cell working together to a function

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29
Q

4 animal tissue

A

Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial

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30
Q

Connective

A

Bone
Cartilage
Blood

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31
Q

Muscle

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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32
Q

Epithelial

A

Squamous

Ciliated

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33
Q

2 structures of squamous epithelium

A

Flat

Regular shape

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34
Q

Squamous epithelium

Flat

A

Increase SA:V decrease distance helps all to increase RoD

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35
Q

Squamous epithelium

Regular shape

A

Cells fit together surface with no gap

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36
Q

2 structures of ciliated epithelium

A

Cilia

Regular shape

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37
Q

Ciliated epithelium

Cilia

A

Helps with movement and move substances mucus or egg

38
Q

Ciliated epithelium

Regular shape

A

Fit together

Surface with no gap

39
Q

Goblet cell 2 structures

A

Golgi body

Regular shape

40
Q

Goblet cell

Golgi body

A

Provide mucus trap dirt or pathogens

41
Q

Goblet cell

Regular shape

A

Fit together

Surface with no gap

42
Q

3 bases of dna

A

Triplet

43
Q

3 bases of MRNA

A

Codon

44
Q

3 bases of tRNA

A

Anti codon

45
Q

Sense coding strand - ATG
Antisense template strand- TAC
mRNA - AUG
tRNA - UAC

A

Yh

46
Q

DNA is universal

A

In all living organism dna triplet codes for same amino acid

47
Q

DNA is non overlapping

A

Each base is only part of one triplet

48
Q

DNA is degenerate

A

64 possible combos

Some AA have more than one triplet coding for them

49
Q

AUG

A

Start codon

50
Q

UAA UGA UAG

A

Stop codon

51
Q

Facialitated diffusion

A

Substances too large or charged use a protein channel specific embedded in membrane to allow across

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell taking in a solid via endocytosis

53
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell taken in a liquid via endocytosis

54
Q

3 passive process

A

Simple diff
Fac diff (protein needed
Osmosis

55
Q

2 active process

A

Active transport

Bulk transport

56
Q

Bulk transport

A

Moving large quantities in and out

57
Q

Palisade cell 4 structures

A

Rectangular regular shape
Thinner cell wall
Chloroplast
Large vacuole

58
Q

Palisade

Rectangular regular shape

A

Large vol for chloroplast closely packed

Help with photosynthesis

59
Q

Palisade

Thin cell wall

A

Shorter diffusion more co2

60
Q

Palisade

Chloroplast

A

More light absorption help photosynthesis

61
Q

Palisade

Vacuole

A

Increase turgor pressure

Maintain shape

62
Q

2 structures of guard cell

A

Thick inner cell wall

Large vacuole

63
Q

Guard

Thick inner cell wall

A

Change in shape help with exchange of gases

64
Q

Guard

Vacuole

A

Change shape help exchange gases

65
Q

4 structures root hair

A

Root hair
Vacuole
Thin cell wall
Mitochondria

66
Q

Root hair Cell

Root hair

A

Large SA more SA of uptake of water

67
Q

Root hair

Vacuole

A

Store saps help lower water potential

68
Q

Root hair

Thin cell wall

A

Shorter diffusion

Increase rate of uptake

69
Q

Root hair

Mitochondria

A

Lots of respiration and atp

Allows active transport of mineral ions

70
Q 
Plant organism 
Root shoot organ system 
Stem leaf organs 
Epidermal 
Vascular tissue 
Ground
Palisade guard specialised cell
A

T

71
Q

Water

A

2 atoms of H covalently bonded to oxygen

72
Q

Why is water polar

A

Electrons not evenly distributed
H slightly positive O is slightly negative
Attraction between these charge create hydrogen bonds

73
Q

Water Important solvent

A

Positive negative charge of water attract molecules when those molecules dissolve they are surrounded by water molecules separating them

74
Q

Water transport medium

A

Dissolved in water allows them to be transported around bodies of organisms

75
Q

Water strong cohesion

A

Polarity water molecules attract each other and create h bonds helping hold water together

76
Q

Water surface tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to break surface of liquid

77
Q

Water temp

A

0-100

Provides habitats for living things

78
Q

Water density

A

When ice formed less dense because molecule arranged in uniform lattice

79
Q

H bonds in ice

A

Are more stable

80
Q

Water density affecting environment

A

Bodies of water freeze and float insulating and regulating temp of water below allowing organisms below to survive

81
Q

specific heat capacity

A

Heat needed to raise temp of 1kg of water by 1c

82
Q

Water specific heat capacity

A

High due to hydrogen bonds therefore absorb large amounts of heat energy without raising temp high

83
Q

Water specific heat capacity environment

A

Bodies of living organisms mainly out of water that water can absorb heat energy

84
Q

High latent heat vaporisation

A

Energy required to convert from liquid to gas

Water high

85
Q

How much energy needed to evaporate liquid water and break H bonds

A

2.4KJ

86
Q

Water heat of vaporisation environment

A

Moderate earths climate energy absorbed from sun by lakes

87
Q

How enzymes work

A

Lower activation energy (energy required for reaction to take place) by providing alternative reaction pathway

88
Q

Catabolic

A

Metabolites break down into simpler molecules

Realising energy

89
Q

Anabolic

A

Metabolites

Synthesis larger molecule s

90
Q

Induced for theory

A

Substrate molecule fits into active site active site changes shape to mould itself around substrate

91
Q

Evidence for induced fit theory

A

X ray crystallography

All enzymes undergo changes induced by substrate binding

Biology (4 decks)

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