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Y1 - Anatomy of the Abdomen, Peritoneum and Pelvis > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

The liver is attached to the anterior abdominal wall by what structure?

A

Falciform ligament

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2
Q

Contraction of which muscle in the abdomino-pelvic region aids in defecation?

A

Transversals abdominis

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3
Q

Which two veins in the abdominal cavity unite to form the hepatic portal vein?

A

Superior mesenteric and splenic

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4
Q

Short gastric arteries arise from what artery?

A

Splenic artery

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5
Q

Which two muscles contribute to form the pelvic diaphragm (floor)?

A

Levator ani and coccygeus

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6
Q

Which two skeletal muscles in the pelvis and perineum are important in maintaining the erection of the penis?

A

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

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7
Q

Which spinal nerve carries the cutaneous sensation around the umbilical region?

A

T10

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8
Q

Which nerve provides sensory supply to the glans of the clitoris/penis?

A

Pudendal nerve

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9
Q

A pulsatile mass above the umbilicus was felt during palpitation of the abdomen. In which clinical condition would you expect this finding?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

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10
Q

What activities arise the intra-abdominal pressure?

A
  • Coughing
  • Straining to pass urine and faeces
  • Lifting heavy weights
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11
Q

What muscles are involved in increasing intra-abdominal pressure?

A
  • Anterior abdominal wall muscles
  • Thoracic diaphragm
  • Pelvic diaphragm
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12
Q

Where would you expect the intimal pain of appendicitis be felt and why?

A

Initial pain is felt over the umbilical area which is referred due to the stimulation of autonomic nerves from T10.

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13
Q

What are vaginal fornices?

A

Recesses produced by the projection of the uterine cervix into the anterior wall of the vagina.

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14
Q

Which fornix is closely related to the peritoneal cavity and to what part?

A

Posterior fornix - closely related to recto-uterine pouch.

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15
Q

RANDOM EXTRA

What normally happens to potassium after a meal?

A

It is absorbed into the cell then slowly comes out with time to be cleared by then kidneys.

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16
Q

RANDOM EXTRA

What single daily measurement could help identify worsening heart failure at home?

A

Weight - a steady incline in weight will indicate worsening heart failure as more fluid is lost from blood vessels to interstitial spaces due to hypertension.

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17
Q

What are the main bones that make up the bony pelvis?

A
  • Ilium (biggest part)
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
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18
Q

Where do the pelvic bones fuse?

A

At the acetabulum - allows for growth as the femur develops

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19
Q

What does the sacral foramina do?

A

Allow for passage of sacral nerves

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20
Q

Which gender is the sacral promontory more prominent in?

A

Males

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21
Q

How are the sacrum and coccyx connected?

A

Via a fibrocartilaginous joint - the sacrococcygeal symphysis

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22
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

The upper part of the pelvis (above the sacral promontory) and the lumbar vertebrae.

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23
Q

Describe the relation between the perineum, pelvic floor and pelvic outlet.

A

The perineum is inferior to the pelvic floor, forming the boundaries of the pelvic outlet.

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24
Q

What is pelvimetry?

A

The measurement of the female pelvic inlet to check if the baby can fit through the birth canal.

25
Q

What is the distance between the ischial spines?

A

9.5-11.5 cm

26
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament do?

A

Connect the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity. Forms greater and letter sciatic foramina.

27
Q

What does the sacrospinous ligament do?

A

Connect the sacrum and the ischial spin. Forms greater and letter sciatic foramina.

28
Q

What passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Sciatic nerve

29
Q

What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal nerve (into pelvis)

30
Q

What is pudendal nerve block used for?

A

Used for pain during childbirth or chronic pelvic pain. A local anaesthetic is given where the pudendal nerve crosses the lateral aspect of the sacrospinous ligament near its attachment to the ischial spine.

31
Q

What are the branches of the pudendal nerve?

A
  • Inferior rectal nerve
  • Perineal nerve (superficial and deep)
  • Dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris
32
Q

Describe the pathway of the pudendal nerve.

A
  • Leaves the pelvic cavity through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Crosses the sacrospinous ligament and re-enters the pelvic cavity via the less sciatic foramen
  • Passes through pudendal canal
33
Q

What is the pudendal canal formed from?

A

Fascia of the obturator internus.

34
Q

What is the pelvic diaphragm formed of?

A
  • Coccygeus

- Levator ani

35
Q

What is the levator ani formed from?

A
  • Iliococcygeus
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Pubrectalis
    (muscles)
36
Q

What gaps are present in the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • Rectal hiatus

- Urogenital hiatus

37
Q

What attaches to the perineal body?

A
  • Levator ani

- Skeletal muscle sphincters (external urethral and anal sphincters)

38
Q

When can pelvic organ prolapse occur?

A

If there is pelvic trauma or poor muscle tone - it can also occur if the perineal body is torn during childbirth (likely if the baby descends quickly).

39
Q

How can perineal body tears be avoided?

A

Via an episiotomy done by an obstetrician.

40
Q

What are the three layers of the bladder wall?

A
  • Outer - serosa
  • Smooth muscle - detrusor muscle
  • Inner - transitional epithelium
41
Q

How is micturition affected in pregnancy?

A

The uterus exerts pressure on the pelvic floor and the bladder, and the pelvic floor muscles relax in preparation for labour, causing urinary frequency and stress incontinence.

42
Q

What is urinary continence determined by?

A

A balance between detrusor relaxation and external sphincter contraction. As the bladder fills, bladder pressure is increased but urethral sphincter pressure that is maintained by the pelvic floor exceeds this, maintaining continence.

43
Q

How can urinary stress incontinence be caused?

A
  • Damage to the muscles or pudendal nerve during labour
  • Pubococcygeus and puborectalis are most medial and more prone to injury
  • Pelvic floor can be repaired surgically or strengthened by certain exercises
44
Q

What can cause faecal incontinence?

A

Puborectalis muscle weakness or damage.

45
Q

What are the contents of the scrotum?

A

It is a fibromuscular cutaneous sac formed from two scrotal swelling that fuse to form the scrotal raphe. It contains:

  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Spermatic cord
46
Q

What muscles surround the scrotum?

A
  • Dartos muscle

- Cremaster muscle

47
Q

What is the scrotum biological homologous to?

A

The labia majora

48
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

Smooth muscle that wrinkles the skin to reduce heat loss.

49
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

Part of the cremasteric reflex, which is initiated by stroking of the inner thigh. This innervates the sensory fibres of the ilioinguinal nerve and then the motor fibres of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. This causes the cremaster muscle to contract, causing the elevation of the testes.

50
Q

What nerve supplies the dartos muscle?

A

Genital branch of the genitofermoral nerve.

51
Q

How does sperm produced in the testes come to be stored in the epididymis?

A

Drain through the Rete testis and efferent ductules into the epididymis until ejaculation.

52
Q

What are the different regions of the epididymis?

A

Head, body and tail.

53
Q

What is the epididymis continuous with?

A

Vas deferens

54
Q

What is the role of the vas deferens?

A

Communicating tube between the epididymis and the urethra that travels in the spermatic cord.

55
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A 
Arteries
- Testicular arteries
- Deferential artery
- Cremasteric artery
Nerves
- Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve 
- Testicular nerves
  • Vas deferens
  • Pampiniform plexus
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Tunica vaginalis
56
Q

Where does the olio-inguinal nerve pass through?

A

Through the inguinal canal but not the spermatic cord.

57
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Abnormal enlargement and dilation of pam-uniform plexus. It is caused baby defective valves or compression by nearby structures.

58
Q

What can varicocele lead to?

A

Major cause of male infertility.

Y1 - Anatomy of the Abdomen, Peritoneum and Pelvis (10 decks)

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