extra Flashcards
What are the key components of networking?
Protocols (e.g., TCP/IP), Hardware (e.g., routers, switches), and Transmission Media (e.g., Ethernet cables, optical fibers).
What is the difference between LAN and WAN?
• LAN: Local Area Network; small scale (e.g., office), uses Ethernet.
• WAN: Wide Area Network; large scale (e.g., Internet), connects multiple LANs.
Name the 7 layers of the OSI model.
- Physical
- Data Link
- Network
- Transport
- Session
- Presentation
- Application
What are the layers of the TCP/IP model?
- Application
- Transport
- Internet
- Network Interface
- Hardware
Define bit rate and latency.
• Bit Rate: The speed at which data is transmitted, measured in bits per second.
• Latency: The time it takes for a bit to reach its destination.
What are FTP and SMB used for?
• FTP: File Transfer Protocol for transferring files.
• SMB: Server Message Block for file and printer sharing.
What is the range of Class A IP addresses?
1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0.
What is the purpose of a subnet mask?
It separates the network and host portions of an IP address.
What does DNS do?
Resolves domain names (e.g., www.google.com) to IP addresses.
What are the steps in a TCP three-way handshake?
- SYN (Client to Server)
- SYN-ACK (Server to Client)
- ACK (Client to Server)
What are the key features of UDP?
• Connectionless
• No error recovery
• Low overhead
• Best-effort delivery
What does ARP do?
Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network.
What is IPSec used for?
To provide secure communication through authentication and encryption.
What is the key difference between the OSI and TCP/IP models?
• OSI Model: 7 layers, includes Presentation and Session layers.
• TCP/IP Model: 5 layers, combines Presentation and Session layers into the Application layer.
What is multicast communication?
Messages sent to a specific group of recipients who have joined a multicast group.
What does the ping command do?
Sends ICMP Echo Request packets to test connectivity and measures round-trip time.
What features make TCP reliable?
• Connection-oriented
• Error recovery with ACKs
• Sequencing for ordered delivery
• Sliding window for flow control.
Name three types of modulation.
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Phase Shift Modulation (PSM).
What is a packet sniffer? Name one example.
A tool to monitor and debug network traffic. Example: Wireshark.
Why was IPv6 developed, and what is its structure?
Developed due to IPv4 exhaustion; it uses 128-bit addresses, written in hexadecimal (e.g., 3A57:0000:9CD5:3412:912D:6738:1928).
What is the main responsibility of the Physical Layer in the OSI model?
Handles raw data transmission over physical media such as cables and wireless signals.
Which OSI layers map to the TCP/IP Application Layer?
The Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model.
How is a MAC address structured?
A 48-bit address, usually displayed in hexadecimal, divided into six groups separated by colons (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E).
Why is subnetting useful in networks?
It improves network efficiency by segmenting traffic and reducing congestion.