extra

Question 1

factors determining strength of secondary reinforcer

Answer 1

1. magnitude of primary reinforcer
2. number of pairings between primary and secondary reinforcer
3. time between primary and secondary reinforcer

Question 2

positive contrast effect

Answer 2

experience with a low reward heightens the influence of a high reward

Question 3

negative contrast effect

Answer 3

experience with a high reward lowens the influence of a low reward magnitude

Question 4

occasion setting

Answer 4

S signals that R-O is valid

Question 5

explanation PREE

Answer 5

1. More difficult to sense differences between rewarded and non-rewarded phases
2. memory of frustration elicited by nonreward gets associated with reinforcement of next response

Question 6

conditions in which positive punishment is effective

Answer 6

1. intensity
2. temporal relationship between R and punishment
3. contingency between R and punishment
4. presence of unwanted side-effects
5. presence of simultaneously present rewards
6. stimulus control

Question 7

disadvantages positive punishment

Answer 7

1. occurence of aggression and fear
2. chance of immitation of aggressive behavior
3. unwanted generalization of effect of punishment
4. development of learned helplessness

Question 8

response competition

Answer 8

punisher decreases likelihood of a target behavior, because it competes with other possible responses