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EAS 205 > Extinctions > Flashcards

Extinctions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of linnaean taxonomic rankings?

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

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2
Q

Which marine groups were affected by the Permian Triassic extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • marine invertebrates experienced heavy losses due to ocean acidification
  • reduction in diversity: brachiopods, crinoids
  • completely lost: rugose and tabulate corals, goniatitic ammonoids, eurypterids, trilobites
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3
Q

Which terrestrial groups were affected by the Permian Triassic extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • terrestrial invertebrates: largest extinction of insects (reduce diversity)
  • terrestrial vertebrates: 2/3 of labryinthodont amphibians, sauropsids and therapsids lost; large herbivores suffered the most; demise of almost all anapsids
  • terrestrial plants: global coal gap
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4
Q

How long did it take the terrestrial vertebrae and fauna to fully recover numerically and ecologically from the Permian Triassic extinction?

A

30 Myr

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5
Q

pelagic vs benthic?

A
  • pelagic: where swimming and floating organisms live
  • benthic: bottom of ocean
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6
Q

When did the Permian Triassic extinction occur?

A

~250 million years ago

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7
Q

Where were lower Triassic vertebrates found?

A

Wapiti Lake and Williston Lake

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8
Q

Where did lower triassic vertebrates live in the water column?

A

high in water column, above a deep anoxic sea floor

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9
Q

Describe the lower triassic shallow marine settings.

A
  • abundant microbially-induced sedimentary structures
  • sparse invertebrate body fossils (exception: bivalve and lingulide brachiopods)
  • low diversity trace fossil associations
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10
Q

Where was the environmental refugia during the Permian Triassic extinction? what regions are refugia associated with?

A

NW Pangaea (Alberta and BC); delta-front regions

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: middle triassic traces are larger than lower triassic traces

A

TRUE

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Smithian ichnofaunas are more similar to Lower Triassic fauna than to Middle Triassic fauna

A

FALSE: smithian similar to middle triassic

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13
Q

What is the mesozoic marine revolution (MMR)?

A
  • rapid diversification of shell crushers and shell drillers
  • mobile anthropods (in hypoxic settings) that can shift to anaerobic pathways or emigrate to feed –> i.e. in-built tolerance to adverse conditions
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14
Q

What are top tire predators in modern marine systems? when did they arise?

A
  • true starfish (asteroidea)
  • mesozoic
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15
Q

classify as either middle, lower, or upper triassic:

  • crinoid-rich patch reefs
  • encrinite banks
A
  • crinoid-rich patch reefs = Middle Triassic
  • encrinite banks = Upper Triassic
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16
Q

Are echinoids extinct?

A

no

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17
Q

Which type of coral went extinct at the end of the Permian and which new coral appears in the Middle Triassic?

A
  • paleozoic coral extinct at end of Permian
  • scleractinian coral appears in Middle Triassic
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18
Q

What is the middle triassic characterized by?

A

large spikes in invertebrate and vertebrate diversity

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19
Q

what is the upper triassic characterized by?

A
  • monotypic assemblage of pectinate bivalves
  • sea floor recovery did not occur during the triassic
  • marine reptiles the size of a blue whale
  • pardonet formation
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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: extinction results in decrease of diversification

A

FALSE: extinction results in diversification

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21
Q

In the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic extinction events, taxonomic diversity and ethological diversity become _______________.

A

decoupled

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22
Q

which triassic is characterized by the following?
- diverse fish
- free-swimming anthropods
- dysoxia-tolerant bivalves
- anthropod-dominated refugia near deltas
- common organic mats in shallow water settings

A

lower triassic

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23
Q

which triassic is characterized by the following?
- diverse and abundant shallow marine assemblages
- resurgence of ‘Paleozoic faunas’ (brachiopod-crinoid mounds)
- low diversity
- low population density in offshore settings

A

middle triassic

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24
Q

which triassic is characterized by the following?
- return of true coral reefs
- paleozoic-style coasts with strong ‘Modern’ overprint (i.e. crinoid banks, brachiopods diminish in importnace; bivalves much more common)
- offshore marine settings dominated by monotypic bivalve communities
- most life up in water column

A

upper triassic

25
TRUE or FALSE: survival does not equal thriving
TRUE
26
Does reducing body size help with survival?
yes
27
Which LIP is associated with the Permian Triassic Extinction?
Siberian Trap
28
which echinoderm classes survive into the triassic?
- crinizoa: crinoidea - echinizoa: holothuroidea, ophiocistioidea - asterozoa: ophiuroidea and asteroidea
29
Which echinoderm classes go extinct after the Permian, during the boundary interval?
- (crinozoa:) edrioasteroidia - blastozoa: blastoidea
30
When did the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction occur?
~200 million years ago
31
Which marine groups were affected by the triassic-jurassic extinction? How were they affected?
- demise of entire class of conodonts - ceratitic ammonoids disappear - collapse of coral reef communities
32
Which terrestrial groups were affected by the triassic-jurassic extinction? How were they affected?
- all archosauromorphs (not crocodylopmorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs) wiped out - non-mammalian therapsids and temnospondyl amphibians had already disappeared ahead of the extinction event - mammals largely UNAFFECTED - plants spore turnover (but most survived)
33
Which LIP is associated with the triassic-jurassic extinction? This LIP was the origin of which rift?
CAMP (central atlantic magmatic province); mid-Atlantic rift
34
What dominated shallow marine succession for ~2 million years after the triassic-jurassic extinction?
siliceous sponges
35
Did carbonate ramps (lower jurassic glass ramps) come back after the late triassic, during the jurassic?
yes
36
Where can we find triassic-jurassic boundary interval evidence in BC?
black bear ridge
37
What was found at black bear ridge pertaining to the triassic-jurassic extinction?
- first jurassic ammonoid - last conodonts - twin fibrous calcite beds - top monotis subcircularis (MONOTYPIC BIVALVE ASSEMBLAGES)
38
When was the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction?
66 million years ago
39
TRUE or FALSE: the cretaceous-paleogene extinction mostly impacted burrowing and aquatic forms.
FALSE: mostly affected terrestrial forms
40
TRUE or FALSE: no tetrapod weighing more than 25 kg survived the cretaceous-paleogene extinction.
FALSE: none except crocodilians and some marine turtles
41
Which terrestrial vertebrates were affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? How were they affected?
- non-Avian dinosaur demise - some archaic bird lineage demise - pterosaurs demise - some mammal taxa demise - loss of HALF of crocodilian lineages - all 6 turtle families SURVIVED (20% extinction at species level) - squamates minimally affected (diversify during the Cenozoic) - amphibians minimally affected
42
How were terrestrial invertebrates affected by the cretaceous-paleocene extinction?
very few insects PRIOR to event; minimal for 2 million years after event
43
How were terrestrial plants affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? (What percentage of the plants became extinct in North America?)
- 57% of plant species became extinct in North America - fern spike after the extinction
44
Which marine vertebrates were affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? How were they affected?
- plesiosaurs extinct - mosasaurs extinct - teleost fish severely affected - 30% sharks extinct - loss of anacoracids (dominant Cretaceous group)
45
Which marine invertebrates were affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? How were they affected?
- ammonoids go extinct - rudist bivalves extinct - inoceramid bivalves extinct - 98% of colonial coral species extinct (60% of all coral species)
46
What major event occurred at the beginning of the cretaceous-paleogene extinction?
Chicxulub impact
47
Where did Chicxulub hit?
yucatan peninsula (mexico)
48
where can we find records of the Chicxulub impact?
Tanis (North Dakota)
49
microtektites
glass objects resulting from melting and vaportization of the erath's crust
50
ejecta spherules
spherical objects containing crystallites
51
What records of the Chicxulub Impact can be found at the Tanis dig site?
- microtektites and ejecta spherules - 3D preservation of fish and dinos
52
The Tanis locality is interpreted as a konservat-lagerstatten. What does thie mean?
- preserves the moments during and after the impact - konservat = conservation - lager = storage - statten = place
53
Which LIP contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction?
Deccan Trap
54
At which locations can you find the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction boudnary?
- Drumheller - Saskatchewan - Chamberry Coulee
55
When did the first mammal occur?
Triassic
56
When did the fisrt definitve marsupial occur?
early Cretaceous
57
When did the first definitive placental occur?
early Paleogene
58
When did the first primate occur?
early Paleogene

EAS 205 (16 decks)

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