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EAS 205 > Extinctions > Flashcards

Extinctions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of linnaean taxonomic rankings?

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

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2
Q

Which marine groups were affected by the Permian Triassic extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • marine invertebrates experienced heavy losses due to ocean acidification
  • reduction in diversity: brachiopods, crinoids
  • completely lost: rugose and tabulate corals, goniatitic ammonoids, eurypterids, trilobites
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3
Q

Which terrestrial groups were affected by the Permian Triassic extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • terrestrial invertebrates: largest extinction of insects (reduce diversity)
  • terrestrial vertebrates: 2/3 of labryinthodont amphibians, sauropsids and therapsids lost; large herbivores suffered the most; demise of almost all anapsids
  • terrestrial plants: global coal gap
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4
Q

How long did it take the terrestrial vertebrae and fauna to fully recover numerically and ecologically from the Permian Triassic extinction?

A

30 Myr

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5
Q

pelagic vs benthic?

A
  • pelagic: where swimming and floating organisms live
  • benthic: bottom of ocean
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6
Q

When did the Permian Triassic extinction occur?

A

~250 million years ago

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7
Q

Where were lower Triassic vertebrates found?

A

Wapiti Lake and Williston Lake

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8
Q

Where did lower triassic vertebrates live in the water column?

A

high in water column, above a deep anoxic sea floor

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9
Q

Describe the lower triassic shallow marine settings.

A
  • abundant microbially-induced sedimentary structures
  • sparse invertebrate body fossils (exception: bivalve and lingulide brachiopods)
  • low diversity trace fossil associations
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10
Q

Where was the environmental refugia during the Permian Triassic extinction? what regions are refugia associated with?

A

NW Pangaea (Alberta and BC); delta-front regions

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: middle triassic traces are larger than lower triassic traces

A

TRUE

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Smithian ichnofaunas are more similar to Lower Triassic fauna than to Middle Triassic fauna

A

FALSE: smithian similar to middle triassic

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13
Q

What is the mesozoic marine revolution (MMR)?

A
  • rapid diversification of shell crushers and shell drillers
  • mobile anthropods (in hypoxic settings) that can shift to anaerobic pathways or emigrate to feed –> i.e. in-built tolerance to adverse conditions
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14
Q

What are top tire predators in modern marine systems? when did they arise?

A
  • true starfish (asteroidea)
  • mesozoic
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15
Q

classify as either middle, lower, or upper triassic:

  • crinoid-rich patch reefs
  • encrinite banks
A
  • crinoid-rich patch reefs = Middle Triassic
  • encrinite banks = Upper Triassic
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16
Q

Are echinoids extinct?

A

no

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17
Q

Which type of coral went extinct at the end of the Permian and which new coral appears in the Middle Triassic?

A
  • paleozoic coral extinct at end of Permian
  • scleractinian coral appears in Middle Triassic
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18
Q

What is the middle triassic characterized by?

A

large spikes in invertebrate and vertebrate diversity

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19
Q

what is the upper triassic characterized by?

A
  • monotypic assemblage of pectinate bivalves
  • sea floor recovery did not occur during the triassic
  • marine reptiles the size of a blue whale
  • pardonet formation
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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: extinction results in decrease of diversification

A

FALSE: extinction results in diversification

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21
Q

In the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic extinction events, taxonomic diversity and ethological diversity become _______________.

A

decoupled

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22
Q

which triassic is characterized by the following?
- diverse fish
- free-swimming anthropods
- dysoxia-tolerant bivalves
- anthropod-dominated refugia near deltas
- common organic mats in shallow water settings

A

lower triassic

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23
Q

which triassic is characterized by the following?
- diverse and abundant shallow marine assemblages
- resurgence of ‘Paleozoic faunas’ (brachiopod-crinoid mounds)
- low diversity
- low population density in offshore settings

A

middle triassic

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24
Q

which triassic is characterized by the following?
- return of true coral reefs
- paleozoic-style coasts with strong ‘Modern’ overprint (i.e. crinoid banks, brachiopods diminish in importnace; bivalves much more common)
- offshore marine settings dominated by monotypic bivalve communities
- most life up in water column

A

upper triassic

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: survival does not equal thriving

A

TRUE

26
Q

Does reducing body size help with survival?

A

yes

27
Q

Which LIP is associated with the Permian Triassic Extinction?

A

Siberian Trap

28
Q

which echinoderm classes survive into the triassic?

A
  • crinizoa: crinoidea
  • echinizoa: holothuroidea, ophiocistioidea
  • asterozoa: ophiuroidea and asteroidea
29
Q

Which echinoderm classes go extinct after the Permian, during the boundary interval?

A
  • (crinozoa:) edrioasteroidia
  • blastozoa: blastoidea
30
Q

When did the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction occur?

A

~200 million years ago

31
Q

Which marine groups were affected by the triassic-jurassic extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • demise of entire class of conodonts
  • ceratitic ammonoids disappear
  • collapse of coral reef communities
32
Q

Which terrestrial groups were affected by the triassic-jurassic extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • all archosauromorphs (not crocodylopmorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs) wiped out
  • non-mammalian therapsids and temnospondyl amphibians had already disappeared ahead of the extinction event
  • mammals largely UNAFFECTED
  • plants spore turnover (but most survived)
33
Q

Which LIP is associated with the triassic-jurassic extinction? This LIP was the origin of which rift?

A

CAMP (central atlantic magmatic province); mid-Atlantic rift

34
Q

What dominated shallow marine succession for ~2 million years after the triassic-jurassic extinction?

A

siliceous sponges

35
Q

Did carbonate ramps (lower jurassic glass ramps) come back after the late triassic, during the jurassic?

A

yes

36
Q

Where can we find triassic-jurassic boundary interval evidence in BC?

A

black bear ridge

37
Q

What was found at black bear ridge pertaining to the triassic-jurassic extinction?

A
  • first jurassic ammonoid
  • last conodonts
  • twin fibrous calcite beds
  • top monotis subcircularis (MONOTYPIC BIVALVE ASSEMBLAGES)
38
Q

When was the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction?

A

66 million years ago

39
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the cretaceous-paleogene extinction mostly impacted burrowing and aquatic forms.

A

FALSE: mostly affected terrestrial forms

40
Q

TRUE or FALSE: no tetrapod weighing more than 25 kg survived the cretaceous-paleogene extinction.

A

FALSE: none except crocodilians and some marine turtles

41
Q

Which terrestrial vertebrates were affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • non-Avian dinosaur demise
  • some archaic bird lineage demise
  • pterosaurs demise
  • some mammal taxa demise
  • loss of HALF of crocodilian lineages
  • all 6 turtle families SURVIVED (20% extinction at species level)
  • squamates minimally affected (diversify during the Cenozoic)
  • amphibians minimally affected
42
Q

How were terrestrial invertebrates affected by the cretaceous-paleocene extinction?

A

very few insects PRIOR to event; minimal for 2 million years after event

43
Q

How were terrestrial plants affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? (What percentage of the plants became extinct in North America?)

A
  • 57% of plant species became extinct in North America
  • fern spike after the extinction
44
Q

Which marine vertebrates were affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • plesiosaurs extinct
  • mosasaurs extinct
  • teleost fish severely affected
  • 30% sharks extinct
  • loss of anacoracids (dominant Cretaceous group)
45
Q

Which marine invertebrates were affected by the cretaceous-paleogene extinction? How were they affected?

A
  • ammonoids go extinct
  • rudist bivalves extinct
  • inoceramid bivalves extinct
  • 98% of colonial coral species extinct (60% of all coral species)
46
Q

What major event occurred at the beginning of the cretaceous-paleogene extinction?

A

Chicxulub impact

47
Q

Where did Chicxulub hit?

A

yucatan peninsula (mexico)

48
Q

where can we find records of the Chicxulub impact?

A

Tanis (North Dakota)

49
Q

microtektites

A

glass objects resulting from melting and vaportization of the erath’s crust

50
Q

ejecta spherules

A

spherical objects containing crystallites

51
Q

What records of the Chicxulub Impact can be found at the Tanis dig site?

A
  • microtektites and ejecta spherules
  • 3D preservation of fish and dinos
52
Q

The Tanis locality is interpreted as a konservat-lagerstatten. What does thie mean?

A
  • preserves the moments during and after the impact
  • konservat = conservation
  • lager = storage
  • statten = place
53
Q

Which LIP contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction?

A

Deccan Trap

54
Q

At which locations can you find the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction boudnary?

A
  • Drumheller
  • Saskatchewan
  • Chamberry Coulee
55
Q

When did the first mammal occur?

A

Triassic

56
Q

When did the fisrt definitve marsupial occur?

A

early Cretaceous

57
Q

When did the first definitive placental occur?

A

early Paleogene

58
Q

When did the first primate occur?

A

early Paleogene

EAS 205 (16 decks)

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