External factors and gender differences in achievement Flashcards
What is feminism?
Feminism is a social movement that strives for equal rights for women in all areas of life.
What traditional stereotype has feminism challenged?
Feminism has challenged the stereotype of a woman’s role as solely that of mother and housewife in a patriarchal nuclear family.
What successes has the feminist movement achieved?
The feminist movement has improved women’s rights and opportunities through changes in the law.
How has feminism affected women’s expectations?
Feminism has raised women’s expectations and self-esteem.
What did Angela McRobbie’s (1994) study of girls’ magazines reveal?
In the 1970s, magazines emphasized marriage, whereas now they feature assertive, independent women.
How may feminism affect girls’ self-image and ambitions?
The changes encouraged by feminism may improve girls’ self-image and ambitions regarding family and careers.
What significant changes have occurred in women’s employment?
Key changes include the 1970 Equal Pay Act, the 1975 Discrimination Act, and a reduction in the pay gap.
What was the pay gap between men and women in 2013?
The pay gap had halved to 15% since 1975.
What has happened to the proportion of women in employment from 1971 to 2013?
The proportion of women in employment rose from 53% in 1971 to 67% in 2013.
What is the ‘glass ceiling’?
The ‘glass ceiling’ is the invisible barrier that keeps women out of high-level professional and managerial jobs.
How have girls’ ambitions changed according to Sue Sharpe’s studies?
Girls’ ambitions shifted from prioritizing love and marriage to focusing on careers and independence.
What did girls in the 1970s prioritize according to Sue Sharpe?
In the 1970s, girls prioritized love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs, and careers in that order.
What did girls in the 1990s prioritize according to Sue Sharpe?
By the 1990s, girls prioritized careers and supporting themselves.
What did O’Connor’s (2006) study find about marriage and children?
O’Connor’s study found that marriage and children were not a major part of 14-17 year olds’ life plans.
What trend do Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2001) link to individualization?
They link individualization to a stronger value placed on independence in modern society.
Why do many girls recognize the need for a good education?
Many girls recognize that a good education is necessary for achieving independence and self-sufficiency.
What did Carol Fuller’s (2011) study reveal about girls’ views on education?
For some girls, educational success was central to their identity and they believed in meritocracy.
What aspirations did girls in the 1970s have compared to those in the 1990s?
Girls in the 1970s had lower aspirations compared to the 1990s girls who aimed for professional careers.
