EXTERNAL FACTORS

Question 1

What are the 3 External Factors of Ethnic Differences in Education?

Answer 1

1. CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
2. MATERIAL DEPRIVATION
3. RACISM IN WIDER SOCIETY

Question 2

What are 3 CULTURAL DEPRIVATION Factors?

Answer 2

(a) Intellectual and Linguistic Skills
(b) Attitudes and Values
(c) Family Structure and Parental Support

Question 3

How is INTELLECTUAL and LINGUISTIC SKILLS a Cultural Deprivation Factor that EXTERNALLY contributes to Ethnic Differences in achievement?

Answer 3

BEREITER and ENGELMANN - LANGUAGE spoken by LOW INCOME BLACK AMERICAN families is INADEQUATE for EDUCATIONAL SUCCESS

• Pupils who DON’T SPEAK ENGLISH at HOME may be HELD BACK EDUCATIONALLY although data doesn’t show this as a major factor

Question 4

How is ATTITUDES AND VALUES a Cultural Deprivation Factor that EXTERNALLY contributes to Ethnic Differences in achievement?

Answer 4

• LACK of MOTIVATION in BLACK pupils
• NOT SOCIALISED into MAINSTREAM CULTURE BUT INTO a SUBCULTURE that INSTILLS the IDEA of living for today. NO VALUE to EDUCATION, unequipped

Question 5

Explain the FAMILY STRUCTURE and PARENTAL SUPPORT point for Cultural Deprivation - Ethnic
also what did Moynihan say

Answer 5

BAD SOCIALISATION is RESULT of DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMLY STRUCTURE

MOYNIHAN
- due to HIGH RATE AID LONE MOTHERS, CHILDREN DEPRIVED of ADEQUATE CARE due to FINANCIAL STRUGGLES and ABSENCE of MALE BREADWINNER
BOYS LACK ADEQUATE ROLE MODEL of MALE achievement
Cycle or cultural deprivation that helps

Question 6

Describe the FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PARENTAL SUPPORT Cultural Deprivation point from SEWELL

Answer 6

SEWELL ARGUES that it”s NOT the ABSENCE of fathers as ROLE MODELS that LEADS to Black Boys Underachieving.
INSTEAD, he sees the PROBLEM as a LACK of FATHERLY NURTURING or ‘TOUGH LOVE ‘ ( firm , fair , respectful and non abusive discipline

MANY BLACK BOYS are thus SUBJECT to POWERFUL ANTI-EDUCATIONAL PEER GROUP PRESSURE
In the absence of the influence of the father, STREET GANGS of OTHER FATHERLESS BOYS offer black boys ‘PERVERSE LOYALLY AND LOVE’

Question 7

From what SEWELL SAYS, HOW are Black Boys subject to Powerful Anti-Educational Peer Group Pressure?

Answer 7

SPEAKING in STANDARD ENGLISH and DOING WELL at School were often VIEWED with SUSPICION by their PEERS and SEEN as ‘ SELLING OUT TO THE WHITE ESTABLISHMENT’

Question 8

How does SEWELL CONCLUDE IN - Family and Structure - Cultural Deprivation

Answer 8

SEWELL Concludes that BLACK Children - particularly the boys - NEED to have GREATER EXPECTATIONS placed on them TO RAISE THEIR ASPIRATIONS

Question 9

How does GILBORN Oppose SEWELL’S peer pressure argument

Answer 9

GILBORN - argues that IT’S NOT PEER PRESSURE but INSTITUTIONAL RACISM WITHIN the EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM itself that systematically PRODUCES the FAILURE of large numbers of black boys

Question 10

How does SEWELL view ASIAN FAMILIES - Family Structure and Parental Support - Cultural Deprivation

Answer 10

SEWELL - INDIAN and CHINESE pupils BENEFIT from SUPPORTIVE FAMILIES and ‘ASIAN WORK ETHIC’

Question 11

What was reported about WHITE W/C Families from LUPTON’S study of 4 W/C Schools
2

Answer 11

• reported POORER BEHAVIOUR from WHITE W/C SCHOOLS even though less of them were on FSM
• BLAMED this on LOWER LEVELS of PARENTAL SUPPORT and NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD education of white w/c parents

Question 12

What are 4 CRITICISMS of CULTURAL DEPRIVATION THEORY for Ethnic Differences in Achievement

Answer 12

• DRIVER (1977) - highlights how ETHNICITY can be ADVANTAGE in EDUCATION e.g. Africa Caribbean Girls actually do very well in school
• KEDDIE (1971) - says that to blame culture is to blame the victims of educational failure
• RELIES ON GENERALISATIONS
• IGNORES COMPENSATORY EDUCATION

Question 13

What does GUY PALMER argue about ETHNIC MINORITIES being MORE LIKELY to face MATERIAL DEPRIVATION
2

Answer 13

• almost HALF of ALL ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN LIVE in LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, against a Quarter of White Children
• ETHNIC MINORITIES are almost TWICE AS LIKELY to BE UNEMPLOYED compared with whites

Question 14

What are 3 REASONS why some ETNIC MINORITIES may be at GREATER RISK of the MATERIAL DEPRIVATION ?

Answer 14

• Many LIVE in ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED AREAS with HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT and LOW WAGE RATES
• a LACK of LANGUAGE SKILLS , and FOREIGN QUALIFICATION NOT being RECOGNISED by UK EMPLOYERS
• RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR MARKET and HOUSING MARKET

Question 15

What does MODOOD argue which is to do with CLASS, and ETHNICITY

Answer 15

MODOOD (2004) - CHILDREN from LOW INCOME FAMILIES generally DON’T DO AS WELL BUT the EFFECTS of LOW INCOME are MUCH LESS for NON WHITE ETHNIC GROUPS

Question 16

What does MASON argue for - RACISM IN WIDER SOCIETY

Answer 16

MASON (1995) - argues that ‘DISCRIMINATION is a CONTINUING and PERSISTENT FEATURE of the EXPERIENCE of BRITAIN’S CITIZENS of MINORITY ETHNIC origin

Question 17

What does REX argue for - RACISM IN WIDER SOCIETY

Answer 17

• REX (1986) : RACISM LEADS to SOCIAL EXCLUSION and ACCORDINGLY POVERTY. This is SHOWN in HOUSING , EMPLOYMENT and EDUCATION.
  Racism also leads to DISCRIMINATION both INSIDE and OUTSIDE the CLASSROOM

Example : MINORITIES are MORE LIKELY to be FORCED into SUBSTANDARD HOUSING than white people of the same class

Question 18

What was NOON’S EXAMPLE for Racism in Wider Society

Answer 18

NOON (1993) : sent IDENTICAL LETTERS to 100 top UK companies but ALTERED BETWEEN names ‘ EVANS’ and ‘PATEL’, the REPLIES to the WHITE CANDIDATE were MORE HELPFUL AND INFORMATIVE