extention Flashcards
microorganisms in the human blood
that are infectious and can cause
human disease
BLOOD-BORNE
PATHOGENS
Hepatitis B virus: can survive a week
on objects
● Hepatitis C
● Hepatitis D
○ Hepatitis S/S : u-like, fatigue, loss of appetite, mild
fever,muscle join.abdominal
pain, nausea vomiting
○ MOT: needlesticks, sexual
contact
○ Vaccine: Hepa B
● Immunodeciency virus
COMMON
BLOOD-BORNE
PATHOGENS
Clean and disinfected environmental
surfaces
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS
Sterile instruments and devices
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS
Sharps safety (engineering and work
practice controls)
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS
Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS
Use of personal protective equipment
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS
species precautions to use in caring
for ALL patients regardless of
diagnosis or presumed infection
status
● Hand hygiene
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS
species precautions to use for
patients either suspected or known to
be infected with certain pathogens
transmitted by airborne, droplet, or
contact routes
TRANSMISSIONBASED
PRECAUTIONS
for patients diagnosed or suspected
of a specic transmissible disease
● Precautions based on whether the
disease is transmitted by:
○ Airborne: Pulmonary
Tuberculosis, Measles (
Rubeola)Chickenpox (Varicella)
○ Droplets: Inuenza
○ Contact: Diarrhea, skin or wound
infection
TRANSMISSIONBASED
PRECAUTIONS
● needle-stick injury
● blood or body uid splashes in
the eyes, nose or mouth
● blood or body uid comes in
contact with cut, scratch or
abrasion
● human bite cuts the skin
EXPOSURE TO
BLOOD
BORNE-PATHOGENS
● Remove sharp or foreign object
● Wash the site with soap and water for at least 30
seconds
● Flush with water or saline for at least 10 minutes
● Eyes: use eyewash station (remove contact lenses)
● Report the incident to the immediate superviso
NEEDLE STICK OR ANY SHARP OBJECTS
what to do if yoou have sharps/needlestick
bleed it
wash it
cover it
report it
NEEDLE STICK OR ANY SHARP OBJECTS
Cleaning up spill and decontaminating soiled area
immediately with disinfectant
● 1:10 bleach solution(sodium hypochlorite)
● Prepared daily
● Wear gloves
● Use absorbent material
● Broken glass: do not pick up with hands
● Use brush, dustpan or tongs
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
● Never eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum.
● Never put pencils or pens in the mouth.
● Never place food or beverages in a refrigerator used for
storing reagents or specimens.
● Never apply cosmetics, handle contact lenses, or rub
eyes in the laboratory.
● Never wear long chains, large or dangling earrings, or
loose bracelets.
● Never wear a lab coat to lunch, on break, or when leaving
the lab to go home.
● Never wear personal protective equipment outside the
designated area for its use.
● Always wear a fully buttoned lab coat.
● Always tie back hair that is longer than shoulder length.
● Always keep ngernails short and well manicured.
● Do not wear nail polish or articial nails.
● Always wear a face shield when performing specimen
processing or any activity that might generate a splash
or aerosol of bodily uids.
● Always wear gloves for phlebotomy procedures and
when processing specimens.
● Any material that could be harmful
to one’s health
BIOHAZARD
● Safe handling of biological
substances that pose a risk to
health
● Used to prevent and protect
clinical laboratories from harmful
incidents caused by laboratory
specimens that are potential
hazardous
BIOSAFETY
● Aerosols and splashes can be
created when specimens are
centrifuged, when tube stoppers
are removed, and when specimen
aliquots are being prepared
● observe proper handling practices
● wear PPE properly
● use safety shields and guards
AIRBORNE
● Biohazards can be ingested if
healthcare workers neglect to
sanitize hands before handling
food
● Frequent hand sanitization, wash
hands frequently
● avoid hand-to-mouth activities
● avoid placing items in the mouth
INJEESTION
● through the skin (intact) due to
needlesticks and other sharp
objects
● use needle safety devices.
● wear heavy duty utility gloves when
cleaning broken glass
● never handle broken glass with
bare hands
PERCUTANEOUS
● through breaks or cuts in the skin
● cover skin breaks or cuts with
non-permeable bandages
NON-INTACT SKIN
● through mucous membranes
;mouth , nose , eyes
● proper specimen handling
● avoid rubbing, touching eyes, nose
and mouth
PERMUCOSAL
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
● Avoid the use of extension cords.
● Do not attempt to make repairs to equipment if
● you are not trained to do so.
● Do not handle electrical equipment with wet
● hands or when standing on a wet oor.
● Do not overload electrical circuits.
● Inspect cords and plugs for breaks and fraying.
● Know the location of the circuit breaker box.
● Unplug and do not use equipment that is malfunctioning.
● Unplug equipment that has had liquid spilled in it.
● Unplug equipment when you are servicing it
● Shut off the source of electricity
● Source of electricity cannot be shut
off?
● nonconducting material to remove
the source of electricity from the
victim
● Call for medical assistance
● Start CPR if necessary
● Keep the victim warm
ELECTRIC SHOCK ●
FIRE HAZARD
● Conduct regular re drills
● Be familiar with the location of emergency exits
● Be familiar with the evacuation plans or routes
● Post location of re extinguishers and heavy blankets
● Know how to use the re extinguisher
how to use fire extinguisher
pull pin
aim nozzle
squeeze trigger
sweep nozzle
class a extinguisher
water, foam, dry chem
class and symbol of triangle and green class A
ordinary combustibles
class and symbol of square, red and class b
Flammable liquids
class and symbol of circle, blue and class c
electrical equipment
class and symbol of star, yellow and class d
combustible metals/chemicals
class and symbol of octagon, black and class k
cooking oils
class b extinguisher
blocking oxygen
dry chem
CO2
foam
halon
class c extinguisher
non-conducting agents
dry chem
CO2
halon
class d extinguisher
power agents
sand
dry powder
class K extinguisher
liquids designed to prevent splashing
cooling
smothering the fire
Never use a water extinguisher on grease res, electrical
res or class D res - the flames will spread and make
the re bigger!
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
CO2 extinguishers don’t leave a harmful residue a good
choice for an electrical fire
TRUE
all-purpose re extinguisher that works on
class A, B, and C FIres.
DRY CGEMICAL
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
● Fire Tetrahedron
● heat, fuel, oxidizing agent (oxygen), chemical reaction
● A re naturally occurs when the elements are combined
in the right mixture
● prevented or extinguished by removing any one element
WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE
● RESCUE- rescue anyone in immediate danger
● ALARM - activate the institutional re alarm system
● CONTAIN- close all doors
● EXTINGUISH- attempt to extinguish the re, if possible
FIRE SAFETY DOS AND DON’TS
● Do pull the nearest re alarm.
● Do call the re department.
● Do attempt to extinguish a small re.
● Do close all doors and windows if leaving the area.
● Do smother a clothing re with a re blanket or have the
person roll on the oor.
● Do crawl to the nearest exit if there is heavy smoke.
● Don’t panic.
● Don’t run.
● Don’t use elevators
● Radiation depend on distance, shielding, and time
● Radiation effects are cumulative
● collecting specimens from patients injected with
radioactive dyes or from nuclear medicine department
● delivering specimens to radioimmunoassay sections
RADIATION HAZARD
● Always wear proper PPE when working with chemicals.
● Always use proper chemical cleanup materials when
cleaning up chemical spills.
● Never store chemicals above eye level.
● Never add water to acid.
● Never indiscriminately mix chemicals together.
● Never store chemicals in unlabeled containers.
● Never pour chemicals into dirty containers, especially
containers previously used to store other chemicals.
● Never use chemicals in ways other than their intended
use.
CHEMICAL HAZARD
PHLEBOTOMIST SHOULD BE
● aware of institutional radiation safety procedures
● cautious when entering areas with radiation hazard
symbo
TRUE OR FALSE
USE a fire extinguisher for small, contained fires only
CHEMICAL SPILL PROCEDURES
● Use special kits containing absorbent and neutralizer
(GHS)
Globally Harmonized System of Classication and Labeling
of Chemicals
acute toxicity(fatal or toxic)
skull and crossbones
environment (nonmandatory)
aquatic toxicity
flame over circle
oxidizers
exploding bomb
explosives
self-reactives
organic peroxides
corrosion
skin corrosion/burns
eye damage
corrosive metals
gas cylinder
gases under pressure
irritant (eye and skin)
skin sensitizer
acute toxicity
narcotic effects
respiratory tract irritant
hazardous to ozone later(nonmandatory)
exclamation mark
pyrophorics
self heating
emitsflammable gas
self-reactives
organic peroxides
flammables
flame
carcinogen
mutagenicity
reproductive toxicity
respiratory senitizer
target organ toxicity
aspiration toxicity
health hazard
SHOCK AND ITS SYMPTOMS
● insucient return of blood ow to the heart, resulting in
an inadequate supply of oxygen to all organs and tissues
of the body.
● Pale, cold, clammy skin
● Rapid, weak pulse
● Increased, shallow breathing rate
● Expressionless face and staring eyes
● Firmly applying direct pressure to the wound until
bleeding stops or emergency rescuers arrive.
● Pressure should be applied using cloth or gauze with
additional material added if bleeding continues.
EXTERNAL HEMORRHAGE
FIRST AID FOR SHOCK
● Maintain an open airway for the victim.
● Call for assistance.
● Keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the
rest of the body.
● Attempt to control bleeding or other cause of shock if
known.
● Keep the victim warm until help arrives.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
● emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the
heart stops beating
● aims to keep blood and oxygen owing through the body
when a person’s heart and breathing have stopped
● can keep oxygenated blood owing to the brain and
other vital organs until more denitive medical
treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm
HOW TO PERFORM CPR
● Kneel beside the patient and place your hands in the
middle of the patient’s chest.
● Cover the rst hand with the heel of the on the other
hand, interlocking the ngers. The ngers should be
raised so they do not touch the ribcage.
● Lean forward (shoulders directly over the patient’s chest)
and press down on the chest for about two inches.
Release the pressure to allow the chest to come back up.
Do not release your hands. Repeat. Give 30
compressions at a rate of 100 compressions per minute.
● Tilt the patient’s head and lift the chin to open the airway
allowing the mouth to fall open slightly.
● Deliver rescue breaths. Pinch the nose shut and place
your mouth over the person’s mouth to make a complete
seal. Blow into the person’s mouth to make the chest
rise. Deliver two rescue breaths, then continue
compressions
BEFORE GIVING CPR
● Check the scene and the person.
● Patient lying on his/her back on a steady surface
● Call 911 for assistance
● Ask a bystander to call 911, or a there is no call 911 and
begin administering assistance
● Check for breathing. If there is no breathing begin CPR
RED CROSS CPR STEPS
● Continue cpr steps
● Replicate the cycle of 30 chest compressions, to be
followed by two rescue breaths Repeat this cycle until
person exhibits signs of life, such as breathing, an AED
becomes available, or a trained medical responder
arrives on scene
FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC OR BYSTANDERS WHO WITNESS
AN ADULT COLLAPSE:
● compression-only CPR, or Hands-Only CPR.
● without mouth-to-mouth breaths
● Call 9-1-1 (or send someone to do that)
● Push hard and fast in the center of the chest
FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS AND THOSE TRAINED
● conventional CPR using chest compressions and
mouth-to-mouth breathing at a ratio of 30:2
compressions-to-breaths.
● In adult victims of cardiac arrest, it is reasonable for
rescuers to perform chest compressions at a rate of 100
to 120/min and to a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) for
an average adult
● Nutritious food
● plant-based diet rich in a variety of
vegetables, fruits, legumes
● minimally processed starchy staple
foods
● balance of carbohydrates, fat,
protein, vitamins, minerals, and
fiber
PROPER
NUTRITION
● Shower or bathe and use deodorant
on a regular basis
● Brush teeth after eating
● Keep hair clean and neatly combed
● Fingernails should be clean, short,
and neatly trimmed
● Avoid heavily scented lotions or
colognes
PERSONAL
HYGIENE
● get the required hours of sleep
● take breaks during the day to rest,
refresh, and stay fit
REST
● Ways To Control Stress
○ Identify your problem and talk
about it.
○ Learn to relax throughout the
day.
○ Exercise regularly.
○ Avoid making too many
changes at once.
○ Planning the time you have.
○ Set realistic goals—be
practical about what you can
accomplish.
○ Avoid procrastination by
tackling the most dicult job
first.
○ Has damaging effect on
personal wellness
○ Affects different organs and
systems throughout the body
○ Weakens immune system
● Negative Stress
● Use proper techniques and
equipment when lifting heavy
objects
PROPER
POSTURE/BACK
PROTECTION
● strengthens the immune system
● increases energy
● reduces stress by releasing
substances called endorphins
● reduces symptoms of depression
and anxiety
EXERCISE
