Extent of social change Flashcards
Population growth under Tsars
-Highest between 1870-1914, stimulated by industrialisation as + income (e.g Witte’s great spurt)
Population growth under communists
-Reduced by Stalin’s purges/war
-1917= civil marriage for peasants= + divorce, countered by financial incentives to stay together
-1926= abortion legalised= - birth rate so rewrote to say only if mother’s life in danger
-1944 Distinctions to Mother Heroines scheme: having 10+ children= big financial reward
-1955 abortion legalised
Population growth under both
Gov policies on family planning never clear/consistent
Changes in social structure under Tsars
End of 19th century:
-Still rural based (80% peasants)
-Peasants moving to towns (e.g artels with special skills)
-Rise of middle classes= decline of nobility (also emancipation) but hardcore nobility remained (essential to Tsar maintaining power)
social structure under communism
Should have been no class-based society BUT
-Hierarchical bureaucracy led by small elite that governed ppl
-Even status ranking among workers (e.g technical expertise had more privelage/1930s 1.5 million became managers)
=More continuity than change
Education under Tsars/communists
-Attempted to expand
-Primary/secondary school but only free secondary school under Krushchev
Primary school under Alexander II (Tsars)
Major educational reform= Zemstva ran school boards responsible for administration/expansion= + availability/quality of school places
-BUT boards ran by clergy/nobility/gov and dual system as also church schools
-1877 Ministry of education (Tolstoy) controlled zemstva/central gov officials administered schools
Primary school under Nicholas II (Tsars)
Duma planned for universal primary education for 1922 but stopped as revolution
-But success continued= 58,000 new schools in 1914 compared to 1880
Primary school under Lenin (Bolshevik)
-Built on what Tsars made
-Lunacharsky first commissar for education
-Church schools handed to local soviets
Primary school under Stalin (Bolshevik)
-1930= attendance compulsory= 10 million new pupils in 1 year
-Basic curriculum with some revolutionary subjects/no religious
-Adults could attend to improve literacy
Suited communist needs as remained till end
Secondary schools under Alexander II
-Introduced “real” gymnasia (grammar schools) alongside traditional for more modern subjects (thought before would= revolution)
=Attendance doubled 1855-65
-Benefitted middle classes so conservatives campaigned for them to be excluded from unis (Tolstoy) successfully
Secondary schools under Alexander III
-Banned lower-class children
=Before bolsheviks secondary school was preserve of the elite
Secondary schools under Lenin
-Gymnasia replaced with polytechnics= more modern with emphasis on skills
-Not all members agreed
Secondary schools under Stalin
-Return to grammar schools/vocational-based institutions
-Greatest emphasis on vocational education
+ schools = 4 million new pupils 1931-32
Secondary schools under Krushchev
-Reverted to polytechnic
-Free
-Closed boarding schools
-Specialist academies
-Progressive policies balanced by restrictive methods e.g rewriting history books
