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Impact of dictatorial regimes on economy and society Russia > Extent of economic change > Flashcards

Extent of economic change Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Industrialisation under both Tsars/communists

A

-Consistent emphasis on heavy industry (e.g steel/engineering) as opposed to light (everyone but Krushchev)
-Main motive to catch up with West/emulate their industrial revolution to increase/maintain world power status

-Affected by relationship with agriculture/peculiar nature of Russian society

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2
Q

Industry under Alexander II

A

More committed move towards state involvement🏭 in industry (not scared of proletariat unrest like others)
=Mikhail Reutern as Minister of Finance
-Sensible approach revolving around railway construction🛤️/foreign technical expertise🌍/employment of foreign investment capital

=Modernisation/expansion

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3
Q

Example of the value of employing foreign technical expertise to move Russia forwards (Alexander II/industry)

A

Welshman J.J Hughes was responsible for 1/2 steel production in Russia start of 20th century

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4
Q

Railway construction under Nicholas I (industrialisation)

A

-1837= first railway
-1851= St Petersburg-Moscow line inspired by Manchester-Liverpool railway
👇
Built to high technical standard/shows competing with West

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5
Q

Railway construction under Alexander III/finance minister Reutern (industrialisation)

A

-Sevenfold increase in track🛤️7️⃣= doubling of industrial output🏭2️⃣/6% annual growth rate💸6️⃣
-also showed importance of attracting foreign investment capital (got through gov bonds/taxation exemptions/monopoly concessions)🌍
-Construction placed in hands of private contractors like West (94% by 1880)🌎🍔, downside= corruption/expensive transport system😈🛤️🫰
-“First state managed exercise in industrial advance”
-Efforts cut short by Russo-Turkish war⚠️ BUT paved the way for others (e.g Sergei Witte)

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6
Q

Who took over finance minister after Reutern/Alexander III

A

Bunge

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7
Q

Economic reforms under Bunge/Alexander III (industrial)

A

More liberal approach
-Fiscal amendments (e.g 1886 poll tax based on number of ppl in household)
-1883 Peasant Land Bank
-Greater state ownership (69% by 1911)

Not long-lasting as blamed for declining value of rouble/replaced

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8
Q

Who was Bunge replaced by

A

Vyshnegradskii

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9
Q

Economic reforms under Vyshnegradskii (Alexander III)

A

-More efficient utilisation of income
-Revenue raised through Medele’ev tariff of 1891
-Exported large amounts of grain (even when shortage/starvation)

=Balance of budget but still surplus

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10
Q

Summary of industrialisation achievements of finance ministers before Witte

A

Modest
-e.g 1893 still largely agrarian economy

-Witte first to show commitment to industrialisation🏭 to compete with West🌍/improve military🪖

(may have influenced Stalin’s industrialisation)

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11
Q

Sergei Witte’s industrialisation plans (Alexander III)

A

-Restarted encouraging foreign expertise/taking foreign loans/raising taxes/interest rates🌎
-1897 placed rouble on gold standard🪙🥇
-Most investment on heavy industry (like West)⛏️🏭🌎
-Moved away from private enterprise

=Great spurt🤑🤑🤑🤑🤑🤑🤑

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12
Q

Effect of “Great spurt” (Sergei Witte/Alexander III industrialisation)

A

-Coal production doubled⛏️2️⃣
-Steel/iron production increased sevenfold⚒️7️⃣
-Stimulus provided to development of technologies in oil/chemical industries🛢️⚗️🏭
-Big increase in railway track🛤️ (from 120% annual increase in capital from abroad)🌎💸
-Income from industry shot up 119 million roubles🏭🪙1️⃣1️⃣9️⃣
-Catching up (e.g surpassed France in iron production 1900)🐸
-Increase in industrial production of 7.5%- higher than any other period

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13
Q

Criticisms of Witte’s policies

A

-Neglected other industries (e.g textiles)
-Reliance on foreign capital dangerous as loans could be recalled at short notice
-Using foreign expertise stunted home talents
-Railway construction expensive/often rushed/not as impressive as other places (e.g 11x less than Germany)
-Neglecting agriculture= rural unrest/mistrust from other members of gov

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14
Q

Evidence that without WW1 Russia would have caught up with West

A

-Great spurt
-Stolypin/Witte together= revival of economy, e.g 1909 industrial output increased 7%/year and GNP by 3.5%

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15
Q

Evidence that even without WW1 Russia wouldn’t have caught up with West

A

-Still behind- e.g coal production only 10% of Britain’s/GNP 20%
-Factories employed vast amounts of labour to compensate for lack of modern technology/equipment
-Gains masked by huge population increase
-Neglection of agriculture made future famine likely
-Fact economy fell apart during WW1

(Shows Witte’s reforms maybe only short-term positive effect)

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16
Q

Summary of industry under Tsars

A

-Growth of proto-industry/early factory system with production plants/railway
-“Great spurt”
-Impact of WW1

=Rapid economic growth at times comparable with West

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17
Q

Impact of WW1 on economy

A

-Industry struggled to meet demands🏭😢
-Railway system lacked efficiency🛤️😢
-More money borrowed from abroad🌍
-Taxes increased💸
-Gold standard abandoned= rampant inflation (food/fuel prices quadrupled but NOT wages)😢😢

-Bolsheviks took over= major turning point to management of economy

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18
Q

Impact of WW1 on economy

A

-Industry struggled to meet demands
-Railway system lacked efficiency
-More money borrowed from abroad
-Taxes increased
-Gold standard abandoned= rampant inflation (food/fuel prices quadrupled but NOT wages)

-Bolsheviks took over= major turning point to management of economy

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19
Q

Lenin strategies to revive economy after WW1

A

War communism
State capitalism
NEP

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20
Q

State capitalism (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

State took control of economy until it could be handed to Proletariat (Nov 1917)

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21
Q

How was state capitalism introduced (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

-Nov 1917 Decree on land= private land given to peasants
-Nov 1918 Decree on Workers control= Workers committees get “extra powers” to run factories
-December 1917= Supreme Economic Council formed to manage nationalised enterprises (over 30,000 by 1920)/council of labour defebce

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22
Q

Impact of State capitalism (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

Opposition within/outside party, worsened by signing of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)🥷

Civil war🪖 nullified any positive impact as:
-Industrial output fell dramatically🏭😭
-Hyperinflation (e.g rouble worth 1% what it was in 1917= abandonment of currency)💸💸😭😭😭

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23
Q

War communism (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

State capitalism/grain requisitioning:
-Nationalisation of larger enterprises/state monopoly of markets🏭
-Partial militarisation of labour🪖👷
-Grain requisitioning🌾🫳

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24
Q

Impact of war communism (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

-Nationalisation= unrest as ppl lost ownership/control of businesses
-Militarisation also disliked
-Requisitioning= most hated, disincentive to grow more than needed as majority of food taken away/starvation

Quickly replaced with NEP

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25
Q

NEP 1921 (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

-Denationalisation of smaller enterprises (to allow production of consumer goods)🏭🆓🛍️
-Use of trust organisations to help manage heavy industry⚒️
-Removal of trade restrictions
-Re encouragement of foreign trade/investment/expertise🌎
-End to grain requisitioning🌾🆓/peasants could sell in markets👨‍🌾🧺

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26
Q

Positive impact of NEP (Lenin/Bolshevik)

A

-Removal of trade restrictions= shops flourished/rationing ended/new rouble🛍️🍒🪙
-New breed of entrepreneur Nepman 🧑‍🔬(1923 responsible for 60% retail trade)

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27
Q

Negative impact of NEP (Lenin/Bolshevik)✂️

A

Scissors crisis:
-Food increased faster than demand= lower prices🍒-🫰
-Industry increased much slower= high prices🏭+🫰
=Peasants reluctant to sell at lower prices but industrialists needed them to

-Debates over continuation= 1929 Stalin replaced with the Great turn

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28
Q

Stalin’s aims in industry

A

More worker autonomy/system that made workers believe they were key to economic success= becoming major industrial source

Prepare for potential conflict with capitalists (linked to economic autarky)

Using 7 five-year plans

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29
Q

Weaknesses of five-year plans (Stalin)

A

-Little strategic planning
-Targets set by ruling elite with little research
-Managers constantly feared failure
-Little guidance for managers

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30
Q

Structure to target setting and planning process (five-year plans Stalin)

A

-Targets made by key officials
-Gosplan calculated figures
-Passed to industrial commissariats
-Passed to regional managers to implement

31
Q

Summary of success of five-year plans (Stalin)

A

-First did not run full course as gov exaggerated achievement/unrealistic targets
-False claims about production from managers (climate of fear) HOWEVER some success (e.g coal increased 474.5 tonnes)
-Most in post-war period as ppl worked so hard

Continued by Krushchev but slower growth

32
Q

Success of 1st five-year plan (Stalin)M

A

-Increased heavy industry output⛏️🏭
-Engineering industry developed👨‍🔬
-Specialised industrial centres (e.g Magnitogorsk)🌆

33
Q

Weaknesses of 1st five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-Consumer industries neglected
-Shortage of skilled workers (purges)
-Targets not met

34
Q

Success of 2nd five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-Electrical industry took off
-4500 new enterprises
-Engineering= self-sufficient
-Transport/communications network
-Chemical industry made up for lack of progress in 1st plan
-Tin/zinc/copper mined for first time
-Specialist training schemes for workers
-More realistic targets
-Commissariats better organised

35
Q

Weaknesses of 2nd five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-Consumer industries continued to decline🛍️🚫
-Oil industry slower than West🛢️🚫🌎

36
Q

Success of 3rd five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-Continued impressive production in heavy industry (varied by region)
-Improvement in armaments

37
Q

Weaknesses of 3rd five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-War= diversion of resources
-Shortage of raw materials
-Progress slowed
-Lack of planning/expert workers (purges)

38
Q

Success of 4th five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-Rapid recovery (e.g pre-war production figures returned in 3 years)

39
Q

Weaknesses of 4th five-year plan (Stalin)

A

-Extreme pressure on ppl

40
Q

Success of 5th five-year plan (Stalin/Krushchev)

A

Rapid growth especially with agricultural equipment

41
Q

Weaknesses of 5th five-year plan (Stalin/Krushchev)hs

A

Too many resources devoted to useless projects (e.g hydroelectric schemes)

42
Q

Successes of 6th five-year plan (Krushchev)

A

-More modern industries
-Consumer goods more prevelant

43
Q

Weaknesses of 6th five-year plan (Krushchev)

A

-Unrealistic targets= abandoned after 2 years

44
Q

Successes of 7th five-year plan (Krushchev)

A

-Substantial + in production
-More realistic targets

45
Q

Weaknesses of 7th five-year plan (Krushchev)

A

-Rate of growth slower than US

46
Q

Summary of industrial growth under communists

A

-State capitalism
-War communism
-Centralised planning: 7 5-year plans

Rapid but variable
Greater than Tsars/comparable with West

47
Q

Agriculture under Tsars/communists

A

Always subservient to industry

Peasants treated as second-class citizens

Failed to deal with land-ownership effectively

48
Q

Peasant land ownership under Tsars

A

Land redistribution policies never met rising expectations of peasants

49
Q

Peasant land ownership under communists

A

All land state-owned= resentment especially as rulers kept land for personal use

50
Q

When were the serfs emancipated (agriculture, tsars, Alexander II)

A

February 1861

51
Q

Terms of emancipation (agriculture, tsars, Alexander II)

A

-Privately owned serfs free- state serfs to be freed 1866
-Nobles to give them land
-State gave landowners compensation/peasants contributed through redemption payments handled by mir (land not their until last payment)

52
Q

Who were the mir

A

Village council of elders

53
Q

How did emancipation cause unrest in the long-term for peasants/nobility (agriculture)

A

-Peasants had poorer quality/less land than before act
-Struggled to meet redemption payments/rural poll taxes
-Not totally free as had to answer to mir, subsidence farming= no incentive to produce surpluses
-Redemption payments not always enough to pay debts from loans taken out before emancipation= 1905 noble land - 40%

54
Q

Alexander III and agriculture

A

1891= big crazy famine, blamed on poor farming/resentful peasants

=Ministry of agriculture/Land captain for discipline

55
Q

Aims of Stolypin’s reform (Agriculture/tsars/Nicholas II)

A

Use land redistribution to build class of more able/educated peasants to act as role model for others/end rural unrest

56
Q

Stolypin’s reform (Agriculture/tsars/Nicholas II)

A

-Unused land could be bought by peasants from peasant land bank
-Peasants farming strips could join their land into small farm units

As wanted mainstay of Russian farming to be independently-ran peasant farm

57
Q

Why did Stolypin’s reform backfire? (Agriculture/tsars/Nicholas II)

A

-Expansion in wealthier peasant class but still not satisfied as said best land still inaccessible

-1914 2 million peasants left village (sped up by WW1)= Shortage of rural labour/food

58
Q

Land issues under Provisional gov

A

Did little to resolve
-Peasants seized land during July days
-Bolsheviks exploited saying “peace, bread and land”/proclaimed they represented peasant and worker interests

59
Q

Decree on land (land issues under Bolsheviks)

A

Aimed to keep peasants on their side but still treated as second class (e.g war communism/grain requisitioning)

60
Q

War communism and the kulaks (agriculture/Lenin/Bolsheviks)

A

-Blamed for food shortages= food/seeds/property confiscated
-Got poorer peasants to denounce them for class war

61
Q

NEP and the kulaks (agriculture/Lenin/Bolsheviks)

A

-More tolerated but still had higher taxes/were disenfranchised/children no allowed to go to state schools

-Respected within peasant class as voiced concerns about living/working conditions (maybe real reason were mistreated by authorities)

62
Q

Collectivisation (agriculture/Stalin/Bolsheviks)

A

Farms merged together/managed by state so peasants would collaborate/no hoard surpluses

63
Q

Mass collectivisation 1929 (agriculture/Stalin/Bolsheviks)

A

Prompted by 1927 famine

Aims= socialism in the countryside by eradication NEP/Kulaks/Rightists

Hand in hand with dekulakisation

64
Q

Process of mass collectivisation 1929 (agriculture/Stalin/Bolsheviks)

A

-Principles explained to villagers
-Poorer peasants/komsomols/workers recruited to denounce kulaks
= fear/other incentives= new farming equipment

65
Q

Consequences of mass collectivisation 1929 (agriculture/Stalin/Bolsheviks)

A

Widespread opposition from peasants/local officials
-e.g Bransk-Oblast Komsomols driven away
-Migration (e.g 75% Kazakstan)

=Stalin allowed peasants to quit collectives March 1930 but then renewed it

66
Q

Renewed collectivisation 1929 (agriculture/Stalin/Bolsheviks)

A

-Could keep small plots of land
-Motor tractor stations organised
-Special charter issued after famine (1924) to improve payments to farmers/security for owners of small plots

=98% peasant households collectivised 1941

67
Q

Why was there still opposition to renewed collectivisation (agriculture/Stalin/Bolsheviks)

A

-Preferred traditional way of organising farms with mir/village autonomy
-Couldn’t make extra income/restrictions of variety of crops/rural activities
-1932-4 famine considered to be caused by requisitioning

68
Q

Krushchev’s agriculturual policies

A

-Emphasis on + production in state farms at the expensive of smaller collectives (merged)
-Ministry of Agriculture= advisory body
-Abolition of MTS

To raise incentives:
-Reduced procurements/peasant taxes/more electricity to isolated areas

69
Q

Outcome of Krushchev’s agriculturual policies

A

-Increasing price of procurements (food taken) angered urban dwellers
-Some success achieved but unlucky as 1962-3= disaster years:
-Bad weather=terrible harvest= riots in countryside/town
-e.g in Novocherkassk KGB killed 23 protestors

70
Q

Virgin land campaign aims (1954) (Agriculture/Communists/Krushchev)

A

-More land to be cultivated

(Stolypin had introduced but stopped by dekulakisation)

71
Q

Results of virgin land campaign (Agriculture/Communists/Krushchev)

A

-1950= 96 million acres for wheat, 165 million in 1964
-Urban dwellers satisfied with amount of food

HOWEVER
-Land overused
-Little attention to crop rotation
-Soil erosion
-Reduction in soil fertility
=Production/productivity fell in long-term

(Maybe main reason for Krushchev’s downfall)

72
Q

Factors for social/economic

A

-Working conditions

-Housing conditions

-Food supplies

-Urban

-Rural

-Education

-Religion

-Women

-Propaganda

-Censorship

73
Q

“Economic policies consistently failed to benefit the rural population”

A

-Heavy industry (e.g 5 year plans)

-Agriculture

-Modernisation

-Competition with West

-Railways

Even when rulers set out to benefit effect limited e.g emancipation limited with redemption payments/failures e.g virgin land scheme

Impact of dictatorial regimes on economy and society Russia (4 decks)

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