Extent of economic change Flashcards

Question

NEP 1921 (Lenin/Bolshevik)

Answer 1

-Denationalisation of smaller enterprises (to allow production of consumer goods)🏭🆓🛍️ -Use of trust organisations to help manage heavy industry⚒️ -Removal of trade restrictions -Re encouragement of foreign trade/investment/expertise🌎 -End to grain requisitioning🌾🆓/peasants could sell in markets👨‍🌾🧺

Answer 2

-Removal of trade restrictions= shops flourished/rationing ended/new rouble🛍️🍒🪙 -New breed of entrepreneur Nepman 🧑‍🔬(1923 responsible for 60% retail trade)

Answer 3

Scissors crisis: -Food increased faster than demand= lower prices🍒-🫰 -Industry increased much slower= high prices🏭+🫰 =Peasants reluctant to sell at lower prices but industrialists needed them to -Debates over continuation= 1929 Stalin replaced with the Great turn

Answer 4

More worker autonomy/system that made workers believe they were key to economic success= becoming major industrial source Prepare for potential conflict with capitalists (linked to economic autarky) Using 7 five-year plans

Answer 5

-Little strategic planning -Targets set by ruling elite with little research -Managers constantly feared failure -Little guidance for managers

Answer 6

-Targets made by key officials -Gosplan calculated figures -Passed to industrial commissariats -Passed to regional managers to implement

Answer 7

-First did not run full course as gov exaggerated achievement/unrealistic targets -False claims about production from managers (climate of fear) HOWEVER some success (e.g coal increased 474.5 tonnes) -Most in post-war period as ppl worked so hard Continued by Krushchev but slower growth

Answer 8

-Increased heavy industry output⛏️🏭 -Engineering industry developed👨‍🔬 -Specialised industrial centres (e.g Magnitogorsk)🌆

Answer 9

-Consumer industries neglected -Shortage of skilled workers (purges) -Targets not met

Answer 10

-Electrical industry took off -4500 new enterprises -Engineering= self-sufficient -Transport/communications network -Chemical industry made up for lack of progress in 1st plan -Tin/zinc/copper mined for first time -Specialist training schemes for workers -More realistic targets -Commissariats better organised

Answer 11

-Consumer industries continued to decline🛍️🚫 -Oil industry slower than West🛢️🚫🌎

Answer 12

-Continued impressive production in heavy industry (varied by region) -Improvement in armaments

Answer 13

-War= diversion of resources -Shortage of raw materials -Progress slowed -Lack of planning/expert workers (purges)

Answer 14

-Rapid recovery (e.g pre-war production figures returned in 3 years)

Answer 15

-Extreme pressure on ppl

Answer 16

Rapid growth especially with agricultural equipment

Answer 17

Too many resources devoted to useless projects (e.g hydroelectric schemes)

Answer 18

-More modern industries -Consumer goods more prevelant

Answer 19

-Unrealistic targets= abandoned after 2 years

Answer 20

-Substantial + in production -More realistic targets

Answer 21

-Rate of growth slower than US

Answer 22

-State capitalism -War communism -Centralised planning: 7 5-year plans Rapid but variable Greater than Tsars/comparable with West

Answer 23

Always subservient to industry Peasants treated as second-class citizens Failed to deal with land-ownership effectively

Answer 24

Land redistribution policies never met rising expectations of peasants

Answer 25

All land state-owned= resentment especially as rulers kept land for personal use

Answer 26

February 1861

Answer 27

-Privately owned serfs free- state serfs to be freed 1866 -Nobles to give them land -State gave landowners compensation/peasants contributed through redemption payments handled by mir (land not their until last payment)

Answer 28

Village council of elders

Answer 29

-Peasants had poorer quality/less land than before act -Struggled to meet redemption payments/rural poll taxes -Not totally free as had to answer to mir, subsidence farming= no incentive to produce surpluses -Redemption payments not always enough to pay debts from loans taken out before emancipation= 1905 noble land - 40%

Answer 30

1891= big crazy famine, blamed on poor farming/resentful peasants =Ministry of agriculture/Land captain for discipline

Answer 31

Use land redistribution to build class of more able/educated peasants to act as role model for others/end rural unrest

Answer 32

-Unused land could be bought by peasants from peasant land bank -Peasants farming strips could join their land into small farm units As wanted mainstay of Russian farming to be independently-ran peasant farm

Answer 33

-Expansion in wealthier peasant class but still not satisfied as said best land still inaccessible -1914 2 million peasants left village (sped up by WW1)= Shortage of rural labour/food

Answer 34

Did little to resolve -Peasants seized land during July days -Bolsheviks exploited saying "peace, bread and land"/proclaimed they represented peasant and worker interests

Answer 35

Aimed to keep peasants on their side but still treated as second class (e.g war communism/grain requisitioning)

Answer 36

-Blamed for food shortages= food/seeds/property confiscated -Got poorer peasants to denounce them for class war

Answer 37

-More tolerated but still had higher taxes/were disenfranchised/children no allowed to go to state schools -Respected within peasant class as voiced concerns about living/working conditions (maybe real reason were mistreated by authorities)

Answer 38

Farms merged together/managed by state so peasants would collaborate/no hoard surpluses

Answer 39

Prompted by 1927 famine Aims= socialism in the countryside by eradication NEP/Kulaks/Rightists Hand in hand with dekulakisation

Answer 40

-Principles explained to villagers -Poorer peasants/komsomols/workers recruited to denounce kulaks = fear/other incentives= new farming equipment

Answer 41

Widespread opposition from peasants/local officials -e.g Bransk-Oblast Komsomols driven away -Migration (e.g 75% Kazakstan) =Stalin allowed peasants to quit collectives March 1930 but then renewed it

Answer 42

-Could keep small plots of land -Motor tractor stations organised -Special charter issued after famine (1924) to improve payments to farmers/security for owners of small plots =98% peasant households collectivised 1941

Answer 43

-Preferred traditional way of organising farms with mir/village autonomy -Couldn't make extra income/restrictions of variety of crops/rural activities -1932-4 famine considered to be caused by requisitioning

Answer 44

-Emphasis on + production in state farms at the expensive of smaller collectives (merged) -Ministry of Agriculture= advisory body -Abolition of MTS To raise incentives: -Reduced procurements/peasant taxes/more electricity to isolated areas

Answer 45

-Increasing price of procurements (food taken) angered urban dwellers -Some success achieved but unlucky as 1962-3= disaster years: -Bad weather=terrible harvest= riots in countryside/town -e.g in Novocherkassk KGB killed 23 protestors

Answer 46

-More land to be cultivated (Stolypin had introduced but stopped by dekulakisation)

Answer 47

-1950= 96 million acres for wheat, 165 million in 1964 -Urban dwellers satisfied with amount of food HOWEVER -Land overused -Little attention to crop rotation -Soil erosion -Reduction in soil fertility =Production/productivity fell in long-term (Maybe main reason for Krushchev's downfall)

Answer 48

-Working conditions -Housing conditions -Food supplies -Urban -Rural -Education -Religion -Women -Propaganda -Censorship

Answer 49

-Heavy industry (e.g 5 year plans) -Agriculture -Modernisation -Competition with West -Railways Even when rulers set out to benefit effect limited e.g emancipation limited with redemption payments/failures e.g virgin land scheme