Extended Standard Form, Area of Study 1

Question 1

What is an Argument?

Answer 1

Is a reason or set of reasons given to support an idea
Good Arguments contain:
- Logic
- Rhetoric

Question 2

Logic

Answer 2

Reasons that should hold for anyone, anywhere, without appealing to personal feelings / beliefs

Question 3

Rhetoric

Answer 3

Employs jokes, personal appeal, sympathy and fear to sway listeners in adopting a certain position

Question 4

Standard Form

Answer 4

Made up of propositions such as premises and conclusions

Question 5

Premises

Answer 5

REASON given to support argument

Question 6

Conclusion

Answer 6

BELIEF you are arguing for

Question 7

Unstated / Implied Premises

Answer 7

Premises that aren’t implied and link the premises together to the conclusion

Question 8

Conditionals

Answer 8

Antecedent and consequent, uses if-then

Question 9

Deductive Arguments

Answer 9

Deductive arguments are arguments where the conclusion is presented as following on from the premises necessarily.

• Deductive arguments can be valid even if the conclusion is false
• Rely on premises
• The conclusion can’t say more than the premises

Question 10

Sound Argument

Answer 10

Relating to deductive, it’s where the premises are true and the argument is valid

Question 11

Inductive Argument

Answer 11

Arguments which the conclusion follow on from the premises not with necessity but with probability are inductive

• The conclusions states more than the premises
• Less certain
• Deals with things being observed
• Doesn’t guarantee the truth of a conclusion

Question 12

Cognitive Bias

Answer 12

Are common errors of judgement that people are prone to make in particular situations
Conforms to our own views, values and preoccupation

Question 13

Confirmation Bias

Answer 13

Refers to our natural tendency to accept arguments that conform to our existing beliefs
Example:
Ted thinks vaccines cause autism, so he looks up ‘vaccines cause autism’ into google and researches the issue and provides evidence for his belief

Question 14

Gambler’s Fallacy

Answer 14

The false assumption that past events have an effect on future outcomes.

Question 15

Predictable World Bias

Answer 15

The human ability to perceive order when there is none
Example:
- everything happens for a reason (fate)

Question 16

Attribution Bias

Answer 16

Reasoning from events/behaviours to causes
- When a driver cuts someone off in traffic, someone might assume that the driver is reckless or aggressive when in reality it was an emergency

Question 17

Availability Heuristic

Answer 17

Our tendency to determine the probability of certain things happening according to how readily we can think of examples of those things.
Example:
- A plane crashes and 12 people die, and you believe there is a high likelihood that if you were to go on a plane it would also crash

Question 18

Belief Bias

Answer 18

When we accept or reject and argument because the conclusion contradicts with your own beliefs
Everything you look for and all that you perceive has a way of providing whatever you believe
Example:
- Dogs are better then cats

Question 19

Framing Effect

Answer 19

Drawing different conclusions from the same information depending on how the information is presented
Example:
- A drink containing 20% sugar or 80% sugar free

Question 20

Anchoring Bias

Answer 20

Relying too heavily on the first piece of information seen
Example:
Wanting the first apartment because it’s cheaper, but not understanding it’s in poor condition

Question 21

Hindsight Bias

Answer 21

The tendency people have to assume that they knew the outcomes of an event after the outcome has already been determined
Example:
“I knew i shouldn’t have dated a psychologist”

Question 22

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Answer 22

Is when people with a limited competence in a particular idea overestimate their abilities
Example:
An amateur chess player overestimates their performance in a tournament and ends up losing