Extended Response Flashcards
EXPLAIN the 3 parts of the Calvin Cycle. (carbon fixation; reduction; regeneration of RuBP)
Carbon Fixation is when you start with 15 RuBP, while 3CO2enters, resulting in 18 molecules. Reduction is when 6 ATP’s become 6 ADP’s and 6 NADPH’s become 6 NADP+’s. 6 RuBP is know 6 G3P. One G3P is given off, so we now have 5 G3P. In the regeneration of RuBP, 3 ATP becomes 3 ADP and to conclude, we are left with what we began with, which is 15 RuBP.
DESCRIBE the noncyclic pathway for the light dependent reactions
There are two photosystems: Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2. Light is absorbed by both photosystems. They both donate electrons to their primary electron acceptor. The absorbed H2O is split into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is given off as waste. The hydrogen will be used at a later time. This reaction returns electrons to photosystem 2. Electrons in photosystem 2’s primary acceptor travel down an electron transport chain to photosystem 1, where it replenishes electrons. During the transportation, ATP and phosphate join to make ATP. Now that both photosystems are back to normal, the original electrons from photosystem 1 travel down a different transport chain to the location where NADPH is created using these electrons, the hydrogen from earlier, and the NADP+ that was given by the Calvin Cycle.
EXPLAIN the 3 parts of the Calvin Cycle. (carbon fixation; reduction; regeneration of RuBP)
Carbon Fixation is when you start with 15 RuBP, while 3CO2enters, resulting in 18 molecules. Reduction is when 6 ATP’s become 6 ADP’s and 6 NADPH’s become 6 NADP+’s. 6 RuBP is know 6 G3P. One G3P is given off, so we now have 5 G3P. In the regeneration of RuBP, 3 ATP becomes 3 ADP and to conclude, we are left with what we began with, which is 15 RuBP.
EXPLAIN why photosynthesis is a good example of coupled reactions
Photosynthesis is a good example of a coupled reaction because it involves both an exergonic and an endergonic reaction. When the sun gives off rays of light, it is giving off energy, which makes it an exergonic reaction. When the plant needs to go through photosynthesis, it needs the input of sunlight to start an endergonic reaction that will convert H2O and CO2 into O2 and glucose.
EXPLAIN the complete oxidation of glucose beginning with glycolysis
The six carbon molecules of glucose get broken down into two pyruvate during glycolysis. During the link reaction, the two pyruvate become two Acetyl CoA’s. During the Citric Acid Cycle, the two Acetyl CoA’s are broken down into ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The NADH and FADH2 the go onto creating even more ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.
COMPARE alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation is carried out by yeast and fungi, while Lactic-acid Fermentation is carried out by human and other animal muscle cells. In alcohol fermentation, the two pyruvate produced by glycolysis are oxidized into two ethanol. CO2 is produced during this process. In lactic-acid fermentation, the two pyruvate produced by glycolysis are converted into two lactic acids.
COMPARE aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, makes between 32 and 36 ATP per molecule of glucose, occurs in four stages (glycolysis, link reaction, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation), and takes place in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, makes 2 ATP per molecule of glucose, occurs in one stages (glycolysis), and takes place only in the cytoplasm.
EXPLAIN oxidative phosphorylation in a mitochondrion
NADH is oxidized to make NAD+ and reduces the first protein of the electron transport chain. NAD+ then returns to its previous reaction. The electrons move through the proteins of the electron transport chain, pumping 3H+ as it goes. The final protein is oxidized and O2 is reduced because it is the final electron acceptor. Together with 2H+ forms water that is released as waste. The H+ are now concentrated in the intermembrane space. They then return one at a time through ATP synthase. Each time one returns, ADP is joined with a Pi to make ATP.
