Exposure Flashcards
Westbrook et al (2007) argued that problem fears are maintained by a cycle. The cycle has 5 stages. List them.
- Stimulus
- Perceived threat
- Safety behaviour
- Short-term relief, but problem fear is not challenged
- Anxiety-related belief remains in tact
_____ ______ Jones (1924) built on the work carried out by Watson and Rayner (1920) and found that when an individual is exposed to their fear, the anxiety response decreases in both ______ and ______ with each repeated exposure. This process is known as _______.
Mary Cover Jones (1924) built on the work carried out by Watson and Rayner (1920) and found that when an individual is exposed to their fear, the anxiety response decreases in both intensity and duration with each repeated exposure. This process is known as habituation.
Habituation works because the process of exposure challenges what?
Habituation works because the process of exposure challenges the anxiety-related belief (Westbrook et al, 2007).
It is not appropriate to use exposure when:
- Client has an underlying _____ problem
- Patient believes their problem is _____ and not anxiety-related
- The anxiety is associated with _____
- The patient has a phobia of ____- can’t habituate to disgust
- Client has underlying heart problem
- Patient believes their problem is physical and not anxiety-related
- The anxiety is associated with trauma
- Phobia of vomit- can’t habituate to disgust
Under what three circumstances might exposure be appropriate?
- Patient has a clear specific phobia
- Patient has panic attacks which have a clear trigger
- Patient has panic attacks which don’t seem to have a clear trigger (use panic diary to establish trigger before beginning exposure)
List the steps for exposure.
- Rationale
- List possible exposures and associated SUD’s
- Organise the exposures into a hierarchy
- Plan exposures for homework: explain to patient they must stay exposed to the feared object or situation until their SUD rating has come down by 50%
- Implementation- patient records SUD’s prior to and after each exposure
- Review
- Reinforce the rationale
- Plan next exposure
Richards and Whyte (2008) argue that four principles must be adhered to in order for exposure to be effective. What are they?
- Graded: Confrontation needs to be gradual
- Prolonged: Until anxiety has reduced by 50%
- Repeated: Four or five prolonged repetitions weekly
- Without distraction: Need to experience ‘true’ fear (‘you need to teach your body that it’s okay to stay in the situation’)
_____ and _____ (2000) argue that patients could be taught to use coping statement s during the exposure process. Some of the suggested statements are intended to ‘take the danger away’ such as ‘anxiety is arousal’ and ‘I’ve been through this before and nothing bad happened’ and ‘anxiety passes and goes away’.
Leahy and Holland (2000) argue that patients could be taught to use coping statement s during the exposure process. Some of the suggested statements are intended to ‘take the danger away’ such as ‘anxiety is arousal’ and ‘I’ve been through this before and nothing bad happened’ and ‘anxiety passes and goes away’.
Morina et al (2015) conducted a meta-analysis of how many studies into exposure?
Morina et al (2015) conducted a meta-analysis of 14 studies into exposure.
What were the three groups in the exposure meta-analysis by Morina et al (2015)?
- VRET
- IVET
- Waiting list
What were the main twp findings of the exposure meta-analysis by Morina et al (2015)? What overall conclusions can we draw?
- VRET and IVET both showed significant improvements compared to the waiting list condition
- At 6 month follow up, there was no statistically significant difference in performance on the behavioural assessment between the 2 experimental groups
CONCLUSION 1: Exposure is effective
CONCLUSION 2: VR and IV are equally effective
Who found that:
- Exposure was least liked by clients
- Exposure was considered to be most valuable by both therapists and clients
Klein et al (2006).
What did Bouchard et al (1996) aim to do?
Bouchard et al (1996) aimed to explore the relative effectiveness of ET vs. CR as treatments for panic disorder with agorophobia.
What was the sample n for the ET vs. CR study by Bouchard et al (1996)?
n= 28.
What was the method of the ET vs. CR study by Bouchard et al (1996)?
- Randomly assigned to treatment group
- Symptoms measured at pre-treatment, after session 5, after session 10, after session 15 (post-treatment) and at 6 month follow up
