Depression psychoeducation Flashcards
What is the reference for the diagnostic criteria for depression?
APA (2013)- contained in the DSM-V.
The 9 most common symptoms of depression are: 1. Feeling down, depressed or \_\_\_\_\_ 2. A loss of \_\_\_\_\_ in doing things 3. Changes to \_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Changes to \_\_\_\_\_ 5. \_\_\_\_\_ agitation/retardation 6. 7. 8. 9.
The 9 most common symptoms of depression are:
- Feeling down, depressed or hopeless
- A loss of pleasure in doing things
- Changes to appetite
- Changes to sleep
- Psychomotor agitation/retardation
- Fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Thoughts about dying/suicidal ideation
According to the DSM-V (APA, 2013) in order for a diagnosis to be made, an individual must be suffering from at least ____ of the 9 symptoms, for more days than not, for at least ___ weeks.
The ___ symptoms must include either feeling down/depressed/hopeless OR a loss of interest/pleasure.
Importantly, symptoms must not be attributable to what?
According to the DSM-V (APA, 2013) in order for a diagnosis to be made, an individual must be suffering from at least 5 of the 9 symptoms, for more days than not, for at least 2 weeks.
The 5 symptoms must include either feeling down/depressed/hopeless OR a loss of interest/pleasure.
Importantly, symptoms must not be attributable to substance misuse.
Beck (1967) argued that depression can be conceptualized in what way?
Beck (1967) argued that depression can be conceptualised as having negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future.
What is the lifetime prevalence of depression?
16% (Kessler et al, 2005).
Who argued that the lifetime prevalence of depression is 16%?
Kessler et al (2005) argued that the lifteime prevalence of depression is 16%.
Depression is more prevalent in ____ than _____ (_____ et al, 2013).
Depression is more prevalent in women than men (Kessler et al, 2013).
Who argued that women are 70% more likely to suffer from depression than men?
Kessler et al (2003) argued that women are 70% more likely to suffer from depression than men.
Silverstein et al (2013) argue that the gender differences in the prevalence of depression can be explained by studying a specific ____ of depression termed _____ depression; a depression characterised by specific physical symptoms of a marked severity, of which far more ______ are diagnosed than men.
Silverstein et al (2013) argue that the gender differences in the prevalence of depression can be explained by studying a specific phenotype of depression termed somatic depression; a depression characterised by specific physical symptoms of a marked severity, of which far more women are diagnosed than men.
According to Fava (2006), what percentage of individuals who are suffering from their first depressive episode will suffer from another episode at some point in their life?
80% of individuals who are suffering from their first depressive episode will suffer from at least one other episode at some point in their life (Fava et al, 2006).
Who argued that 80% of individuals who are suffering from their first depressive episode will suffer from at least one other episode at some point in their life?
Fava et al (2006).
Who found that around 50% of individuals diagnosed with depression recovered from their first episode and remained well, whether treated or not?
Eaton et al (2008), found that around 50% of individuals diagnosed with depression recovered from their first episode and remained well, whether treated or not.
According to Eaton et al (2008), what percentage of individuals suffering from their first depressive episode will suffer from at least one other episode at some point in their life?
50% of individuals suffering from their fist depressive episode will suffer from at least one other episode in their life (Eaton et al, 2008).
What percentage of individuals suffering from their first depressive episode will suffer from chronic reoccurrence?
15% of individuals suffering from their first depressive episode will experiene chronic reoccurrence (Eaton et al, 2008).
McGuffin et al (1996) conducted a study in order to establish the concordance rates for depression in MZ vs. DZ twins. What did they find? What does this suggest?
MZ= 46%
DZ= 20%
This suggests a genetic basis for depression (McGuffin et al, 1996).
What is the reference to use when talking about the twin study which suggests a genetic basis for depression?
McGuffin et al (1996).
What is the main critique of the twin study into the genetic basis for depression by McGuffin et al (1996).
The study by McGuffin et al (1996) does not tell us about the NATURE of the genetic link.
According to Pezawas (2005), the short allele of which gene has been linked to depression?
The short allele of the 5 HTT gene has been linked to depression.
Who found a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of depression between a sample with, vs. without, the 5 HTT gene?
Pezawas (2005).
Who found evidence to suggest that there is a positive correlation between stressful life events, such as bereavement and redundancy, and depression?
Michl et al (2013) found evidence to suggest that there is a positive correlation between stressful life events, such as bereavement and redundancy, and depression.
Michl et al (2013) found that self-reported stressful life events were associated with increased _____ in day-to-day thinking, which was in turn associated with depressive symptoms. That is, _____ mediates the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms.
Michl et al (2013) found that self-reported stressful life events were associated with increased rumination in day-to-day thinking, which was in turn associated with depressive symptoms. That is, rumination mediates the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms.
Following the findings of Michl et al (2013), what should future research seek to do?
Explore the neurobiological mechanisms which underlie an individual’s propensity to engage in rumination.
What is a wider implication of the findings of Michl et al (2013)?
Effective interventions for depression will specifically target rumination. E.g. BA thought to work in party by reducing an individual’s capacity to engage in ruminatory thinking.
Why is it important to treat depression as early on as possible?
Of all the noncore symptoms of depression (symptoms other than low mood and loss of pleasure), suicidality is the symptom which reoccurs most consistently in subsequent episodes (Williams et al, 2006).
