export_viral stis i

Question 1

Sexually transmitted viruses

Answer 1

HIV
HSV

HPV

Hepatitis

Question 2

Components of the HIV virus

Answer 2

Envelope
Matrix

Nucleocapsid

Genome

Question 3

HIV life cycle

Answer 3

gp120 binds to CD4

Conformational change in gp120 allows for binding to CCR5 or CXCR4

Question 4

HIV coreceptors

Answer 4

R5-tropic HIV binds to CCR5

X4-tropic HIV binds to CXCR4

Question 5

HIV - gp41

Answer 5

Mediates fusion between viral envelope and the plasma membrane

Question 6

HIV - pol gene

Answer 6

Virally encoded enzyme within the virion that produces a linear dsDNA copy of the RNA HIV genome
High error rate, allows for rapid evolution during course of the disease

Question 7

HIV - integration

Answer 7

dsDNA copy is incorporated into the host genome and is transcribed by the host as long as the cell survives

Question 8

Viral integrase

Answer 8

Enzyme that incorporates the viral DNA copy into the host genome

Question 9

Provirus

Answer 9

The viral DNA that is incorporated into the host genome

Question 10

HIV - egress

Answer 10

HIV virions exit cell by budding through the plasma membrane at lipid rafts

Question 11

HIV - maturation

Answer 11

Viral protease cleaves the gag and gag-pol viral polyproteins
Necessary for infectivity of the virus

Question 12

Acute HIV syndrome

Answer 12

Approximately 3-6 weeks following infection
Symptoms similar to mono

May not have detectable levels of anti-HIV

Question 13

HIV - chronic phase

Answer 13

Low level viremia due to viral replication

Patient’s often asymptomatic (can be latent for ~10 years)

Question 14

How does HIV evade the immune system in the chronic phase?

Answer 14

Ag drift of gp120
Inactivation of the key elements of the immune response

Cell-to-cell fusion

Question 15

HIV to AIDS

Answer 15

Reduction of CD4 cells

Copious budding and interference with cellular processes

Question 16

HIV-associated infections

Answer 16

Oral hairy leukoplakia
Pneumonia

Thrush

CMV retinitis

Neoplasms

Diarrhea

Question 17

HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab immunoassay

Answer 17

Detects HIV-1/2 Abs and HIV p24 Ag

Used to screen for HIV diagnosis

Question 18

HIV-1/2 Ab differentiation immunoassay

Answer 18

Detects HIV-1/2 Abs

Differentiates between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections

Question 19

HIV NATs

Answer 19

Detects HIV RNA genomes

Can detect infection earlier than Abs

Question 20

HIV treatment options

Answer 20

Entry inhibitors
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Integrase inhibitors

Protease inhibitors

ARV therapy

Question 21

Chemokine coreceptor antagonists

Answer 21

Entry inhibitors

Bind to coreceptor and prevent interaction with gp120

Question 22

Fusion inhibitors

Answer 22

Entry inhibitors

Bind to gp41 and prevents conformational change needed for fusion of the viral envelope

Question 23

Nucleoside inhibitors (NRTIs)

Answer 23

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Incorporated into growing provirus and causes chain termination

Question 24

Nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Answer 24

Bind to reverse transcriptase and inhibit its activity

Question 25

Integrase inhibitor (II)

Answer 25

Blocks the integration of the DNA copy of the viral genome into the cellular genome

Question 26

Protease inhibitor (PI)

Answer 26

Inhibits viral protease, which results in production of immature, defective HIV particles

Question 27

Maraviroc

Answer 27

CCR5 antagonist (chemokine coreceptor antagonist)
Only effective in patients with R5 tropic HIV R5

Question 28

Enfuvirtide

Answer 28

Fusion inhibitor

Question 29

Azidothymidine (AZT)

Answer 29

Nucleoside inhibitor

Question 30

Nevirapine

Answer 30

Nonnucleoside inhibitor

Question 31

Raltegravir

Answer 31

Integrase inhibitor

Question 32

Saquinavir

Answer 32

Protease inhibitor

Question 33

Goal of ARV therapy

Answer 33

Reduce viral load as low as possible for as long as possible

Recommended for ALL HIV patients

Question 34

General features of HIV

Answer 34

Rapid resistance to monotherapy

ARV therapy is important due to this

Question 35

General features of ARV therapy

Answer 35

At least three ARV drugs

Preferred combinations - 1 NNRTI OR 1 PI OR 1 II + 2 NRTIs