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Micro Exam 4 > export_upper respiratory viruses ii > Flashcards

export_upper respiratory viruses ii Flashcards

1
Q

Influenza virus family and characteristics

A

Orthomyxovirus (-ssRNA)
Segmented genome

Enveloped

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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2
Q

Hemagluttinin

A

Attachment

Agglutinates RBC

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3
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Cleaves sialic acid
Virion release

Virion spread

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4
Q

Two important clinical features for influenza virus

A

Ag drift

Ag shift

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5
Q

Ag drift

A

Small changes in hemagluttinin and neuraminidase, driven by point mutations
Changes every 2-3 years

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6
Q

Ag shift

A

Large changes to hemagluttinin and neuraminidase, driven by reassortment of two viruses
Co-infection of the same cell

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7
Q

Where does the most dangerous reassortment of influenza occur?

A 
When an organism is coinfected from two different sources (a pig infected with human and duck influenza viruses)
This organism (mixing vessel) can result in reassortment, that can the re-infect the human with a new flu virus that has never been seen by the immune system
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8
Q

Influenza A genome segments

A

8

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9
Q

Influenza A host

A

Humans, swine, avian, equines, marine mammals

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10
Q

Influenza A severity

A

Often severe

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11
Q

Influenza A epidemic potential

A

Often epidemics, pandemics

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12
Q

Influenza A Ag change

A

Ag drift AND

Ag shift

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13
Q

Influenza B genome segments

A

8

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14
Q

Influenza B hosts

A

Human

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15
Q

Influenza B severity

A

Occasionally severe

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16
Q

Influenza B epidemic potential

A

Outbreaks, occasional epidemics

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17
Q

Influenza B Ag change

A

ONLY Ag drift

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18
Q

Influenza C genome segments

A

7

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19
Q

Influenza C hosts

A

Humans, swine

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20
Q

Influenza C severity

A

Usually mild

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21
Q

Influenza C epidemic potential

A

Limited outbreaks

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22
Q

Influenza C Ag change

A

ONLY Ag drift

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23
Q

How do you name influenza viruses?

A

Serotype/location/isolates/year(H-serotypeNserotype)

Ex: A/Texas/1/77(H3N2)

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24
Q

Treatment for a mild/uncomplicated virus with NO risk factors

A

May consider antiviral within 48 hours
Symptomatic care, infection control

Return for care if no improvement in 72 hours

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25
Q

Treatment for a mild/uncomplicated virus WITH risk factors

A

Treat with antiviral
Close follow-up

Symptomatic care and infection control

Return if no improvement within 72 hours

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26
Q

Anti-virals

A

Ion channel blockers
Blocks replication prior to genome release

Only effective against Influenza A, but currently circulating A strains are resistant

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27
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine

A

Anti-viral ion channel blockers

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28
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitor examples

A

Zanamivir (Relenza)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Peramivir (Repivab)

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29
Q

Zanamivir administration

A

Oral inhalation

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30
Q

Oseltamivir administration

A

Oral

31
Q

Peramivir administration

A

IV

32
Q

Neuraminidase mechanism of action

A

Inhibit virion spread and release

Must be given early (48 hours) to reduce disease symptoms/duration

33
Q

Neuraminidase effectiveness on influenza strains

A

Effective against strains A and B

34
Q

Three influenza virus vaccines

A

Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV)
Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV)

Recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV)

35
Q

IIV agent

A

Formaldehyde-inactivated virus

36
Q

IIV administratino

A

IM or ID

37
Q

IIV IM eligibility

A

6 months or older

38
Q

IIV IM strain composition

A

Trivalent or quadrivalent

39
Q

IIV ID eligibility

A

18-64 years

40
Q

IIV ID strain composition

A

Trivalent

41
Q

LAIV agent

A

Attenuated virus

42
Q

LAIV administration

A

Intranasal inhalation

43
Q

LAIV eligibility

A

Healthy, nonpregnant persons 2-49 years old

44
Q

LAIV strain composition

A

Quadrivalent

45
Q

RIV agent

A

Hemagluttinin

46
Q

RIV administration

A

IM

47
Q

RIV eligibility

A

18-49 years

48
Q

RIV strain composition

A

Trivalent

49
Q

Novel method of vaccine production

A

In mammalian cells, as opposed to traditional chicken eggs
Rapid scale up of vaccine production

Reduced likelihood of egg protein carryover

50
Q

Advantages of RIV production

A

Rapid scale up of vaccine production

Egg-free system

51
Q

Trivalent influenza vaccines

A

Contain 2 influenza A and 1 influenza B strains

52
Q

Quadrivalent vaccines

A

Contain 2 influenza A and 2 influenza B strains

53
Q

Optimal time to receive influenza vaccine

A

2-4 months prior to infection

54
Q

Priority for influenza vaccines in regard to limited availability

A

1st priority are high risk and health care workers

2nd priority is anyone that wants it

55
Q

Who gets 2 doses of influenza vaccine?

A

Children under 9 being vaccinated for the first time

56
Q

Chemoprophylaxis for influenza virus

A

Daily dose of anti-virals for people at high risk for complications
Those who have been vaccinated after the flu season has begun

57
Q

SARS coronavirus characteristics

A

Enveloped

+ssRNA

58
Q

Clinical implications of SARS coronavirus

A

Fecal-oral

Close contact and aerosol routes for transmission

59
Q

Incubation for SARS coronavirus

A

2-10 days

60
Q

Symptoms of SARS coronavirus

A

Fever, malaise, and myalgia
Dry cough, SOB

ARDS (most severe)

Diarrhea, liver abnormalities, and lymphopenia

61
Q

Bronchiolitis symptoms

A

Expiratory wheezing
Nasal flaring

Air trapping

Subcostal retractions

Variable fever

62
Q

Bronchiolitis incidence

A

Can be severe in infants

63
Q

Most common cause of bronchiolitis

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

64
Q

RSV family and characteristics

A

Paramyxovirus (-ssRNA)

Enveloped

65
Q

RSV transmission

A

Inhalation of large droplets

Direct contact with respiratory secretion

66
Q

RSV incubation period

A

4-5 days

67
Q

Incidence of RSV

A

Nearly all children have been infected by age 4
Reinfection results in less severe disease

Can be serious in elderly/immunocompromised

68
Q

Aerosol ribavirin mechanism of action

A

Guanosine analogue
Inhibits nucleotide biosynthesis and mRNA capping

Promotes hypermutation of genome

69
Q

When is ribavirin used?

A

Premature infants
Chronic lung disease

Congenital heart disease

Immunocompromised patients

70
Q

Agents for RSV passive immunoprophylaxis

A

Palivizumab

RSIG

71
Q

Palivizumab

A

Chimeric human-mouse monoclonal anti-RSV Ab

72
Q

RSIG

A

Pooled human Ig enriched for anti-RSV Abs

73
Q

What other viruses can cause respiratory illness?

A 
Avian influenza (bird to human ONLY)
Cytomegalovirus

Measles

Varicella-Zoster virus

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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