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Micro Exam 4 > export_upper respiratory pathogens i > Flashcards

export_upper respiratory pathogens i Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of the URT

A

Conjunctiva
Nasolacrimal ducts

Middle ear

Nose

Pharynx

Sinuses/nasal cavity

Larynx

Epiglottis

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2
Q

Where does bacteria end up in the URT

A

Trachea or terminal airway

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3
Q

Where do viruses end up in the URT

A

Terminal airway and alveoli

Potentially suspended in air

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4
Q

Sterile URT tissues

A

Mastoid air cells
Middle ear

Sinuses

Trachea

Bronchi and bronchioles

Alveoli

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5
Q

Describe the sterility of the conjunctiva

A

It’s supposed to be sterile, but because of its location it is exposed to many organisms
Colonization is really uncommon, so it’s still considered sterile

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6
Q

Normal flora of the nose

A

Staphylococcus epidermis
Staphylococcus aureus

Corynebacterium spp.

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7
Q

Clinical relevance of Staph. aureus

A

About 20% of people have this in the normal population

People in hospitals have a higher percentage

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8
Q

Staph. epidermis features

A

Gram positive cocci clusters

Facultative anaerobes

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9
Q

Staph. aureus features

A

Gram positive cocci clusters

Facultative anaerobes

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10
Q

Corynebacterium spp. features

A

Gram positive rod
Pleomorphic

Non-spore forming

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11
Q

Nasopharynx normal flora

A

Streptococcus
Moraxella catarrhalis

Bacteroides

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12
Q

Bacteria in the Strep. viridans group

A

S. mutans
S. mitis

S. milleri

S. salivarius

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13
Q

Strep. viridans features

A

Gram positive cocci chains

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14
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis features

A

Gram negative diploid-coccobacillus

Aerobic

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15
Q

Bacteroides features

A

Strict anaerobe

Only if someone’s anatomy allows for oxygen-free pockets

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16
Q

URT pathogens with seasonal association

A

Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

Neisseria meningitides

Moraxella catarrhalis

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17
Q

What differentiates Strep. from Staph.?

A

Strep. is catalase negative

18
Q

Strep. A

A

S. pyogenes

Beta-hemolytic

19
Q

Strep. B

A

S. agalactiae

Beta-hemolytic

20
Q

Strep. D

A

S. bovis
Not hemolytic

Enterococcus facaelis also included in this group, though it is no longer considered a Strep.

21
Q

Which Strep. group is alpha-hemolytic?

A

S. pneumoniae

22
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Differentiated by beta-hemolysis

23
Q

S. pyogenes components

A

M protein

Capsule

24
Q

M protein

A

Essential for virulence
Antiphagocytic

80 serotypes, not cross protective

25
Q

Capsule

A

Inhibits phagocytosis

Also a virulence factor, but not found in all strains

26
Q

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

A

Found in S. pyogenes
Super Ags
SPE-A, B, C, etc. (9 total)

27
Q

SPE effects on body

A

Fever
Rash

T-cell proliferation

B-cell suppression

28
Q

SPE diseases

A

Scarlet fever
Toxic shock

Necrotizing fasciitis

29
Q

Which SPE disease is associated with strep throat?

A

Scarlet fever

30
Q

Blood agar

A

Used to culture bacteria
RBCs are placed in the agar, hardens into a plate

Typically use sheep RBCs

Clearing on the plate = hemolysis

31
Q

Difficulty with rheumatic fever

A

Auto-Abs to Strep. pyogenes
Organisms are gone, can’t treat with antibiotics

Once affected by this, susceptibility lasts for a lifetime; next time you get infection, the auto-Abs are produced

32
Q

Strep. pyogenes affect on the kidneys

A

Acute glomerulonephritis
Ag-Ab complexes lodged in glomeruli

Results in edema, HTN, hematuria, proteinuria, decreased serum complement levels

33
Q

Diptheria

A

Deadly, toxin mediated disease
Mild sore throat, slight fever, high fatigue, malaise

Dramatic neck swelling

Whitish gray membrane

34
Q

Diphtheria organism

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

35
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae features

A

Gram positive, variable shape

Sessile, non-spore forming

36
Q

Diphtheria exotoxin

A

Lysogenized by bacteriophage

37
Q

Pathogenesis of diphtheria

A

Not invasive, toxins are absorbed into bloodstream

Gray-white membrane: clotted blood, epithelial cells, leukocyte infiltrate

38
Q

How is the diphtheria toxin released?

A

Inactive form

A and B subunit

39
Q

Diphtheria subunits

A

A - inactivates EF-2 to stop protein synthesis

B - binding to host

40
Q

Where are the B subunit receptors in the body?

A

Heart
Kidneys

Nerve cells

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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