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Research 2 > Exploratory Research > Flashcards

Exploratory Research Flashcards

1
Q

What are the uses of exploratory research (2)?

A
  1. Systemic Investigation of relationships among two or more variables (they predict the effect of 1 variable on another and test relationships that are supported by clinical theory)
  2. Common use in healthcare to investigate the relationship between exposure and disease status.
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2
Q

What is the characteristic of exploratory research?

A

longitudinal, cross-sectional, prospective and retrospective

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3
Q

What are the 2 limitations to prospective data?

A

Time consuming and risk for attrition

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4
Q

How is retrospective data often obtained?

A

EMR, databases, surveys

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5
Q

What are the 2 major limitations of retrospective data?

A

Unable to control variable and unable to control the quality of the data

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6
Q

What is the major advantage of longitudinal data?

A

researchers are able to describe patterns

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7
Q

what are major disadvantages to longitudinal data?

A

huge commitment and attrition is easy to see.

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8
Q

What are the major advantages of cross-sectional data?

A

much more efficient design and not threatened by testing effects

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9
Q

What is the major disadvantage of cross-sectional data?

A

can be difficult to discern if results are effects of age or passing of time vs effects of extraneous sampling variables.

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10
Q

What is a retrospective longitudinal design?

A

Data over a period of time that has already been collected.

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11
Q

What is prospective longitudinal design?

A

follow subjects in real time over period of time.

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12
Q

What is retrospective cross-sectional design?

A

point in past over previous data

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13
Q

A cohort study is when researchers select:

A

subjects without the outcome of interest and monitor if outcome develops over time.

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14
Q

Cohort studies are typically prospective or retrospective?

A

prospective

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15
Q

what are the 2 major advantages of cohort studies?

A
  1. able to identify the temporal sequence between exposure to risk factors and the development of outcome
  2. more than 1 disorder can be evaluated
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16
Q

What are the 2 major disadvantages of cohort studies?

A
  1. less useful for rare disorders
  2. prone to attrition
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17
Q

Case control studies aim to determine if:

A

frequency of exposure to certain variable varies between those with and without the disease

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18
Q

case controls are prospective or retrospective?

A

retrospective

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19
Q

What are the 3 major advantages of case-control designs

A
  • Helpful for determining prognosis-centered research questions
  • easy to collect data
  • especially helpful for analyzing disorders with long latency periods and rare disorders
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20
Q

What are the 2 major disadvantages of case-control designs?

A

Difficult to gauge temporal relationships
Bias (risk for misclassification and observation bias)

21
Q

Epidemiology is:

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations.

22
Q

Epidemiology is:

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations.

23
Q

What are the 5 W’s of descriptive epidemiologic studies?

A

who
what
when
where
why

24
Q

With descriptive epidemiologic studies, we examine person, place and time. What questions do we ask regarding each of those 3 subcategories?

A

person - who is experiencing the disorder?
place - where is the frequency of the disorder highest or lowest?
time - when does the disorder occur most or less frequently?

25
Q

Incidence represents

A

estimate of RISK of developing the disease.

26
Q

Incidence is helpful in

A

identifying groups with higher disease rates.

27
Q

What are the two types of incidences?

A

cumulative incidence and incidence rate

28
Q

how can i tell the difference between cumulative incidence and incidence rate?

A

cumalative incidence = percentage
incidence rate = decimal or fraction

29
Q

Cumulative incidence equation is:

A

CI = number of new cases during a given time period/ total population at risk

30
Q

The incidence rate equation is:

A

IR = number of new cases during a given time period/ (number of new case during a given time period x years of observation)

31
Q

In a study of diabetics, 100 - 189 diabetic men died during the 10 year follow up period. The risk of death for men with diabetes in this study = a CI of 52.9%. Interpret this data.

A

This study found that there was 52.9 % rate of mortality within 10 years in men diagnosed with diabetes.

32
Q

In the diabetic study, 50 men died at 5 years and the other 50 died at 10 years. The IR = .113. Interpret this statistic.

A

This study found that there was an incidence rate of .133 deaths per person per year for diabetic men
or
This study found that there was an incidence rate of 13.3 deaths per 100 persons per year.

33
Q

What is the equation for prevalence?

A

Prevalence = number of existing cases of a disease at a given point or a duration of time/ total population at risk

34
Q

With what type of data would you use point prevalence?

A

cross sectional data

35
Q

with what type of data would you use period prevalence?

A

longitudinal

36
Q

With a national concern on obesity, the national health interview survey in 2000 found that the number adults with self reported obesity was 7,058 out of a sample of 32, 375. The prevalence of obesity is expressed as: 21.8%. Interpret the result.

A

There is a 22% probability that any randomly selected individual from this population would be obese

37
Q

Data obtained from a random sample of 973 newspaper employees found that the number of individuals categorized as having upper limb musculoskeletal pain after 1 year was 395. 100 reported that they already had started experiencing UE pain prior to the start of data collection. The estimate of the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal complaints in this population during a 1 year period is 50.8%. Interpret the results.

A

There is a 51% probability that any randomly selected individual from this population would have upper limb musculoskeletal complaints.

38
Q

What are the 2 major descriptive epidemiologic factors?

A

incidence and prevalence

39
Q

What is the purpose of exploratory epidemiologic studies?

A
  1. assess the relationship between specific exposures and disease status.
  2. aims to determine the presence and strength of the associations as well as identify risk factors
  3. can help identify the likelihood of both diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
40
Q

What is the most common methodology used for exploratory research studies?

A

case control and cohort studies

41
Q

Relative Risk is the:

A

likelihood that exposure will lead to development of disease or disease state

42
Q

what is the equation for relative risk?

A

incidence of disease among the exposed subjects/ incidence of disease among the unexposed subjects

43
Q

Relative risk is used with which type of studies?

A

cohort studies

44
Q

RR is above 1:

A

increase my risk of disease

45
Q

RR below 1:

A

decreases my risk of disease

46
Q

RR at 1 =

A

no excess risk

47
Q

Odds ratio =

A

likelihood that exposure will lead to development of disease or disease state

48
Q

odds ratio is calculated with which type of data?

A

case controls studies.

Research 2 (7 decks)

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