Explanations For Forgetting: Retrevial Failure

Question 1

Describe what is meant by encoding specificity principle? And who suggested it

Answer 1

Tulving: if a cue is to help us recall information it has to be present at encoding and retrieval.

Question 2

Who did research into context dependent forgetting?

Answer 2

Goldden and Baddely

Question 3

Describe the experimental study into context dependent forgetting and what they found

Answer 3

Deep sea divers: 4 different conditions learn on land recall underwater etc….

Recall better when external conditions matched, (40% lower in non matched conditions)

Question 4

Who did research into state dependent forgetting?

Answer 4

Cassiday and Carter

Question 5

Describe the experimental study into state dependent forgetting and what was found

Answer 5

Learn word lists

Used anti histamine drugs —> either learn with or without recall with or without

Recall was better when internal states were matched

Question 6

Describe the supporting evidence for retrieval failure (AO3)

Answer 6

Eysenck:

Argued retrial failure is the main reason for forgetting in LTM

This increases validity, shows it happens in real life and a lab

Question 7

Describe one limitation of the deep sea diver study (AO3)

Answer 7

Baddely: argued contexts effects are not actually very strong in real life. No forgetting unless contexts are extremely different.

Question 8

Describe another limitation of the deep sea divers study (recall or recognition) (AO3)

Answer 8

Godden and Baddely

Repeated the underwater study but PPS were tested on recognition not recall. They found no context dependent effect.