explanations for forgetting in LTM Flashcards
what is availability
whether material is stored in the first place
what is accessibilty
whether we can retrieve that which is stored
how does interference occurs
when one memory disrupts our ability to recall another
only occur when the two memories are semantically similar
what is retroactive interference
new learning affects old
example of retroactive interference
less likely to remeber information from the beginning of the year than that from the end of the year
what is proactive interference
old learning affects new
example of proactive interference
entering in your old password instead of your new password
how was the interference lab study studied
paired associated word list
what is the mcgeoch and mcdonald study
McGeoch and McDonald (1931) studied retroactive interference by examining how learning new information affects the recall of previously learned material. They found that when participants learned a second list of words that was similar in meaning to the first list, their recall of the original list was significantly worse, demonstrating that interference is stronger when the new and old information are similar.
what is retrieval failure
is a form of forgetting that occurs when we dont have the necessary cues to access a memory
what is a cue
is a trigger of information that allows us to access a memory
what is the tulving and pearlstone retrival category experiement
Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) studied the effects of retrieval cues on memory by having participants learn lists of words categorized under specific headings. They found that participants who were given category names as cues during recall remembered significantly more words than those who had to recall them freely, showing that retrieval failure occurs when cues are absent.
what is context dependent forgetting
due to lack of the correct environmental cues
eg. location
what is the golden and baddeleys underwater divers experiment
Godden and Baddeley (1975) studied context-dependent memory by having scuba divers learn word lists either underwater or on land and then recall them in the same or different environment. They found that recall was significantly better when learning and retrieval occurred in the same context, demonstrating the importance of environmental cues in memory.
what is state dependent forgetting
occurs due to the lack of the correct personal cues
eg. emotions
what is the cater and cassidy antihistamine experiement
Carter and Cassaday (1998) studied state-dependent memory by giving participants antihistamines, which induced a drowsy state, before learning and recalling information in either the same or different states. They found that recall was significantly better when the internal state at retrieval matched the state during learning, highlighting the role of internal cues in memory.
