Explainations for forgetting: Retreival failure Flashcards
1
Q
What is retrieval failure
A
- Retrieval failure is not being able to access memories that are there
- It occurs when we dont have the necessary cues to access memory
2
Q
What is a cue
A
- A trigger of information that allows us to access a memory
- Cues can be meaningful or indirectly linked to the information
3
Q
What is encoding specificity principle
A
A cue that is present at encoding and at retrieval that helps you recall information
4
Q
What is context dependent forgetting`
A
- Aspects of the external environment work as cues to memory(e.g.sounds and smells).
- So being in different places would inhibit memory as we would lack environmental cues
5
Q
What is state dependent cues
A
- Aspects of our internal environment work as cues to memory (e.g.emotions drugs).
- So being in different emotional state would inhibit memory as we would lack state dependent cues
6
Q
Two people carrying out a study on divers testing for context dependent forgetting (4)
A
- Godden and Baddeley(1975) studied divers asking them to learn new material either on dry land or while underwater then tested either on dry land or water.
- it was found that recall was worse in different context and best if same.
- For example information that was learnt under the water was recalled best under the water
- This suggests that being in the same environment for both learning and recalls aids recall by providing context cues
7
Q
Testing for state dependent cues with ppts either drunk or sober (5)
A
- Overton(1972) asked participants to learn material either drunk or sober.
- Then tested them on this information when they were drunk or sober.
- It was found that recall was worse if in different internal state and best in the same internal state.
- For example information that was learnt drunk will be recalled best drunk.
- This suggests being in the same state for both learning and recall aids recall by providing state dependent cues
8
Q
What is category/organisational cues
A
Providing cues that relate to the organisation/category of memories may aid recall, as it is easier to find a file if the draws are labelled.
9
Q
Category/organisation dependent cue ao3 (4)
A
- Tulving and Pealstone (1966) Asked participants to learn 48 words.
- The participants either used free recall or recall to match 12, 4 word categories.
- It was found that participants recalled significantly more in category condition.
- This suggests the categories agreed as cues and aiding recall