Explain why there was rapid change in the treatment of illness in the 20th century Flashcards
Factor: Science and Technology in Magic Bullets
. Who is credited for the discovery of the second magic bullet?
Domagk
6. What was the name of the red dye used by this individual to make up the chemical compound of the second magic bullet?
Prontosil
7. Which individual did he first test this on?
His daughter, Hildegarde
8. What disease was he trying to prevent?
Blood poisoning
9. What was the name of the active ingredient in the second magic bullet?
Sulfonamide derived from coal tar
10. What piece of technology aided the discovery of the active ingredient in the second magic bullet?
A new powerful electron microscope discovered in 1931
The discovery of magic bullets by Ehrlich’s research team also led to work on finding natural substances that could target infections in the body. This work led to the discovery and development of penicillin. close penicillinA type of antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.
List the three main individuals who helped to develop the First Magic Bullet
Behring, Ehrlich and Hata
What was the First Magic Bullet called?
Salvarsan 606
What disease were these scientists trying to ‘target’ with the First Magic Bullet?
Syphilis
What is the main reason why this discovery was important?
A chemical compound had been used for the first time to kill bacter
Government and NHS
In the general election in June 1945, the Labour Party won a landslide victory, partly because it had promised to tackle poverty.
Between 1945 and 1951 Clement Attlee, the Labour Prime Minister, and
Aneurin Bevan, the Minister of Health, made significant changes to welfare in Britain and Northern Ireland.
The Welfare State was achieved even though the post-war period was a time of austerity.
The Labour Government of 1945-51 brought in a series of reforms to remove the Five Giants identified by William Beveridge - Squalor, Idleness, Disease, Ignorance and Want
These reforms finally established a welfare state.
this all led to the creation of the nhs
The NHS was a major and sudden change.
The minister appointed to introduce it was Aneurin ‘Nye’ Bevan,
When the BMA ran a survey in late 1946, 54% of its members said they would refuse to cooperate with the NHS and by Jan 1948 90% had enrolled.
How did Bevan gain the support of the medical profession?
Bevan used his personality to win over many of the medical profession to his side.
He gained the support of hospital consultants by promising them a salary and allowing them to treat private patients in NHS hospitals.
He seemed willing to talk to doctors on lesser issues too.
What was the outcome for the NHS?
In May 1948 opposition crumbled when the NHS was introduced in July 1948 and 90% of doctors had enrolled.
The NHS
The government has come much more involved in administering vaccinations and other preventive measures like the 1956 Clean Air act since 1948 when the NHS was created. Now the government encourages people to live healthy lifestyle which reduces likelihood of diseases and illness. The government is now not only caring for people via the NHS but encouraging people to care for themselves.
NHS gets modernized:
1950s - GP surgeries were also in need of modernisation as well as the GPs themselves. A study in 1950s showed up to 25% of GPs were not satisfactory.
However, due to the NHS, more and more people visited GPs.
Waiting times increased and appointment times decreased.
Access improved as the NHS was available to all but provision had not improved in the short term.
1960s - government introduced changes to the NHS.
1966 a GP’s charter was est and gave out incentives to encourage GPs to keep up to date with medical developments. The government had to manage the NHS, not just fund it which led to improvements in the standard of care.
life expectanty has increased by 13 years.
As well as access to new treatments
War
Plastic Surgery
Because of injuries in the world wars, there was a large amount of progress in cosmetic surgeries, especially use of skin grafts. In the first world war, surgeons carried out over 11,000 plastic surgery operations, usually on injuries from bullet and shell damage. Burn cases were much more common in the second world war, and one surgeon alone - Archibald McIndoe - carried out 4000 of these such cases.
during the boer war from 1899-1902
During the Industrial Period, we saw how surgery had progressed..
Pain and infection had both been improved thanks to the work of James Simpson, Joseph Lister and Robert Koch
re were experiments with blood transfusions using blood from animals as well as from humans. Although patients occasionally survived, in mostBut there was still one major problem… BLOOD
Blood loss has always been a major problem in surgery.
and the procedure was banned.
Once anaesthetics and antiseptics made it possible to perform more complex operations, there was a renewed drive to find a way of dealing with the problems of blood loss
Blood groups were only discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner.
He found groups A, B & O. The fourth group, AB was added in 1902.
Landsteiner showed blood transfusions had to be between people with the same blood group or else they would die.
This breakthrough did not solve the problem that the donor still needed to be present during the transfusion.
n 1915, Richard Lewisohn found adding sodium citrate to blood stopped it from clotting. The donor therefore would not need to be present during the transfusion. More transfusions could be carried out.
However, the blood still needed to be used quickly after it had been collected as it would deteriorate quickly.
Richard Weil discovered blood could be stored longer if refrigerated.
1916 Francis Rous & James Turner found adding citrate glucose to blood meant it could be stored for longer. The army could use blood donations from the public for the wounded.
1917 the first blood bank was established ready for casualties following the expected Battle of Cambrai using blood type O.
Antibiotics
The Accidental Discovery: Fleming’s Lab, St. Mary’s Hospital, London. 1928 to 1929. In 1928 Dr Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday to find mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria
Before the development of penicillin, many people suffered and died from bacterial infections that are no longer considered dangerous today
Unbelievably he could not secure the money from the British government or anywhere else for further research.
In 1931 he stopped his work on Penicillin.
It was the Second World War which finally brought about the successful development of penicillin
In the 193os two oxford scientists , Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, became interested in Fleming’s 1929 paper on penicillin.
In 1939 they assembled a team of pathologists, chemists and biochemists, and three days after the outbreak of war Florey asked the British government for money to fund the team’s research into penicillin.How much money were Florey and Chain given by the British government?
In 1938, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain read Fleming’s article on penicillin. They realised it could be effective and got £25 in funding from the British government (which would be worth approximately £1,300 today).
..
In 1940 the first human experiment of Penicillin was conducted on policeman Albert Alexander. He had been scratched by a rose thorn. His condition improved dramatically but when the supply ran out he died. The effectiveness of antibiotics had been proven.
By the end of the Second World War the UK and US governments invested in Penicillin production. 15% of people with injuries infected during the war had been saved by Penicillin. It was the classed as an antibiotic and mass produced.
june 1941: florey travels to US to try to get drug companies to develop penicillin-not much interest.
December 1941: US enters the war
1942: US government ives $80 million to 4 drug companies to find a way to mass produce penicillin.
1943: Mass production began. Penicillin first used by British army in North Africa.
June 1944: Enough penicillin is available to treat all the casualties of D-Day.A total of 21 U.S. companies joined together, producing 2.3 million doses of penicillin in preparation of the D-Day invasion of Normandy. Penicillin quickly became known as the war’s “miracle drug,” curing infectious disease and saving millions of lives.
1945: US Army using 2 million doses of penicillin a month
after WW2: Penicillin made available for civilian use.
200 million lives
Before then, there was no cure for infections such as gonorrhoea, blood poisoning, meningitis, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever. It’s estimated that to date, it’s saved over 200 million lives.27 Sept 2021
what antibiotics did penicillin example
streptomycin
when was 2 million doses per month
1945
