Expertise Flashcards
Cognitive Phase
Development of a declarative encoding of the skill; a set of facts relevant to the skill.
Associative Phase
The errors in the initial understanding are gradually detected and eliminated.
The connections between the various elements required for successful performance are strengthened.
Declarative representation -> Procedural representation
Autonomous Phase
The procedure becomes more and more automated and rapid
What are the three stages of skill acquisition?
Cognitive Phase, Associative Phase, Autonomous Phase
What is Proceduralization?
Proceduralization is the process of converting the deliberate use of declarative knowledge into pattern-driven application of procedural knowledge
What is tactical learning?
Tactical Learning is learning to execute sequences of action to accomplish a particular goal.
What is strategic learning?
Strategic learning is learning how to organize one’s problem solving (tactics) to capitalize on the general structure of a class of problems
What is the doctrine of formal discipline?
Theory popular in the 20th century.
claims that studying esoteric subjects as Latin and geometry is of significant value because it serves to discipline the mind to operate in ways that would facilitate other studies.
What is transfer?
Transfer is when a skill or knowledge can be applied in other activities than where the skill was learned or the knowledge was obtained.
What is positive transfer?
Positive transfer is when previous knowledge enables you to perform a new task in a more efficient way.
What is negative transfer?
Learning one skill makes a person worse at learning another skill.
Inference is almost non-existent in skill aquisition.
Examples: Einstellung effect
What is special about expertise with regards to transfer?
Expertise can often be quite narrow and fail to transfer to other activities.
What brain area is engaged in the development of expertise, that is else active in facial recognition?
The fusiform gyrus
As people become more proficient, what can we see in regards to their brain activation?
Regions of activity drop out or skrink which implies that we spend less mental energy on these tasks.
As practice increases, brain activation shifts from …
The prefrontal cortex to more posterior regions of the cortex.
Which brain area is heavily involved in a learning task?
ACC (Anterior Cingulate Cortex), to organize the behavior needed to accomplish the task.
What is an environmental constraint?
Any circumstance of a person’s situation or environment that discourages the further development of expertise.
What are chunks?
Grouped pieces of information that are used by experts to enhance their memory in their domain.
E.g. in chess: a chunk is a group of pieces that are remembered together
What is the power law of practice?
The power law of practice is saying that the cognitive components of a skill will go to zero (or close), given enough time, unless there is a constraints.
What determines the level of achievement?
Both genetic factors and practice seem to combine to determine the level of achievement, suggesting that there is a role for talent in expertise
What is deliberate practice?
When learners are motivated to learn (not just to perform), are given feedback on their performance, and carefully monitor how well their performance corresponds to the correct performance and where there are deviations.
What is the content of the theory of identical elements? Who proposed it?
Training in one kind of activity can transfer to another only if the activities have situation-response elements in common (transfer is mediated by identical elements)
It was proposed by Edward Thorndike
What is expertise development?
That experts display a special enhanced memory for information about problems in their domains. e.g. being able to chunk information and solve problems correctly
In terms of processing perceptual features, with skill aquisiton we see a …
Shift from superficial to deep processing of perceptual features
What is different with experts and non-experts in problem perception?
Experts learn to see implicit principles and represent problems in terms of them
What shows experts memory-advantage over non-experts?
Experts appear to be able to remember more patterns as well as larger patterns
What underlies the development of expertise in other domains?
The development of retrieval structures that allow for superior recall for past patterns
