Experiments

Question 1

Causal Relationships

Answer 1

-1.) Independent variable must precede in time the dependent variable
2.) Independent and dependent variable must go together in a meaningful way
3.) Changes observed in dependent variable must be results of changed in independent variable not other variables

Question 2

Correlational Relationships

Answer 2

• When statistics may back up the relationship between variables but there is not a meaningful connections

Question 3

Control groups

Answer 3

a.) exposes research participants to the independent variable
b.)rules out initial differences between conditions
c.) control for the effects of extraneous influences

Question 4

Treatment Groups

Answer 4

The group that will receive the manipulation of the variable

Question 5

Creating Equivalent groups

Answer 5

Random Assignments
Pretests

Question 6

Radom Assignments

Answer 6

• Each research participant has equal chance of being assigned to a particular group

gives best possible of having an experiment with high validity

Question 7

Pretests

Answer 7

Measure research participants on relevant variables that need to be accounted for before exposing the treatment groups to the variables

Question 8

extraneous influences

Answer 8

1.)conducted
2.)Researcher
3.)Subjects

Question 9

Conducted Extraneous Influences

Answer 9

1.) Treatment Reliability
2.)Threshold effects

Question 10

Researcher Extraneous Influences

Answer 10

1.) Assistant
2.)Double Blind
3.)Confederates

Question 11

Subjects Extraneous variables

Answer 11

1.)Hawthorne
2.)Morality
3.)Bias

Question 12

Experimental designs

Answer 12

• Full Experiment
  -Quasi experiment
  -Pre-experiment

Question 13

Full Experiment

Answer 13

-Pre-test-posttest equivalent groups
-Posttest-only equivalent groups
-Solomon four-group

Question 14

Quasi-Experiments

Answer 14

-single group interrupted timed series
-Pretest-posttest quasi equivilant groups
-Interrupted time series quasi- equivalent

Question 15

Pre-experimental

Answer 15

-One group post test only
-one-group pretest post test
posttest-only nonequivelent groups

Question 16

lab versus field work

Answer 16

lab work will have more control while field work has higher ecological validity

Question 17

advantages of experiments

Answer 17

1. The researcher(s) has more control over the variables that are included in the study. You get to choose (as opposed to more inductive studies).
2. There are set, standard methods to check for high quality (e.g., reliability coefficient, etc.).
3. Experiments CAN be (not always) time efficient if you are looking at perceptions or reported communication.
4. A lot of people are familiar with the form/method/steps of experiments.

Question 18

Disadvantages of experiments

Answer 18

1. An experiment may be sterile. You may miss some important variable that impacts/explains the phenomenon you are looking at. If you use a
   coding schema, there is no room for other behaviors/variables/features that may emerge.
2. Experiments typically do NOT deal with the complexities of human communication. The subtleties of communication are often lost or overlooked when
   applying a coding schema.
3. Experiments are usually NOT helpful in analyzing the impact of the context/setting on the communication you are looking at.
4. The study may NOT be ecologically valid or like the “real world.” The lab setting or the treatment may not be realistic.
5. Experiments are often costly and tedious to use (e.g., large sample size, collecting large amounts of data, analyzing large amounts of data, etc.).
6. Experiments often do NOT get at the underlying, deeper structures of meaning in communication.