Experimental Research

Question 1

Factors in experimental research

Answer 1

•Aim (purposes/intentions. The aim of this research is to explore the effects of…..)

•Hypothesis (testable statement, whats the iv and dv=variable thats measured)

Question 2

What are the different types of hypothesis?

Answer 2

•Directional/one tailed
•Non-directional/ two
•Null hypothesis

Question 3

What the pupose of directional/ one tailed hypothesis?

Answer 3

•Predicts the direction of the results

Question 4

Examples of the directional hypothesis?

Answer 4

Increase
Decrease
More
Less
Slower
Faster
Positive
Negative

Question 5

Key points on directional hypothesis

Answer 5

•Only used if previous research has been carried out

Question 6

What is the sentence starter when your writing a directional hypothesis?

Answer 6

There will be a significant increase in……

Question 7

What does a non-hypothesis state?

Answer 7

Its states a difference but not sure which way results will go

Question 8

What is the sentence starter when writing a non-directional hypothesis?

Answer 8

•There wil be significance diffrence between…..

•There will be a correlation between..

Question 9

What does null hypotensis mean?

Answer 9

It means ‘No effect’ and can only be accepted if results are not significant eg No difference

Question 10

What is the sentence starter when writing a null hypothesis?

Answer 10

There will be no significance between…

Question 11

What is operationalisation?

Answer 11

Clearly defined and measuruble.

Question 12

What should you consider when designing a decision?

Answer 12

•How many group (control group no manipulation of iv+ Experimental group= manipulate

•How participants are selected (sampling techniques)

•Procedures/ materials

•Timings

•Recording of data

Question 13

What are Extraneous variables?

Answer 13

Are variables that if not controlled for can affect the outcome of the research

N/B: If an extraneous variable does affect the outcome it becomes a CONFUNDING VARIABLE

  Eg. Phone going off during a memory experiment

Question 14

What are variables that need controlling?

Answer 14

•Extraneous variables
•situational variables
•Participant variable
•Research variables

Question 15

What is CAUSALITY?

Answer 15

•Cause and effect

•The iv has had an affect on dv no other variable involved

Question 16

What are situational variable?

Answer 16

this are variable associated with the setting, environments, procedures and material.

Question 17

Example of situational variables

Answer 17

noise
weather
temperature
time of day
where the study takes place
materials given to participants

Question 18

How to control situational variables?

Answer 18

laboratory experiments
keep as many variables across both hands the same.
standadize- procedures/ instructions/ material.

Question 19

Examples of participant variables/indivudual diffrences?

Answer 19

experience
gender
what they are wearing
ethnicity
class
skills
personal habits
age
social econimic status
mental health
IQ
personality
religion/ believes

Question 20

What to do to control controlling variable?

Answer 20

Repeated measures design- same person both conditions

Matched pairs design-Match parts on as many variables as possible one goes to one condition and one goes to another .

Keep as many participants variable as constant as possible.
Questionnaire/ survey

Question 21

Examples of researcher variables?

Answer 21

Familiar with research
number of researcher
how they ask questions
gender of the researcher
hierachy of the researcher
age
personality of a researcher
investigator effect-the presence of researcher/ or their subconsialy or consciously influence the outcome of results

Question 22

Controlling researcher variables?

Answer 22

same researcher
standardised instructions/procedure
no leading questions
double blind procedure-where the researcher and participant don’t know the aim,

Question 23

laboratory experiment {AO1}

Answer 23

It’s an experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions [ not necessarily in a lab] where accurate measurements are possible

Question 24

negatives of lab experiments

Answer 24

Lacks ecological validity. it’s in a setting where the the task is not represented in daily life.

small samples means you’ll need to conduct consecutive experiments on small groups.

Question 25

positives of lab experiments?

Answer 25

easy to attract funding cuz of prestige science

takes place in one setting so researchers can conduct research like any other job

it’s easy to replicate cuz it has standardized procedures been used.

Question 26

Field experiments AO1

Answer 26

Experiments that are done in real life.environment of participants.

Question 27

negatives of field experiments

Answer 27

hard to replicate the study because there’s lack of control over extraneous variables

ethical problems because they can cause harm to individuals and community.

Question 28

strengths of field experiments

Answer 28

Behaviour is more likely to reflect in real life because its natural setting

results are valid because the people don’t know that they’re being studied

Question 29

natural experiments Ao1

Answer 29

experiments are conducted in everyday life environment of participant but here the experiments have no control over the independent variable as if occurs naturally in life.

Question 30

negatives of natural field experiments

Answer 30

they may be more expensive and time consuming

there is no control over extraneous variables the might bias the results

Question 31

strengths of field experiments

Answer 31

very high ecological validity because behaviour in a natural environment is more likely to reflects to reflects in real life

there is less likelihood of demand characteristics affecting the results as participants may not know there being studied