Experimental Paradigm Flashcards
What is within subjects?
- same participants do both levels of IV
What is between-subjects?
different participants for each level of IV
What are 2 of the disadvantages of the within subjects designs?
- each participant spends more time in the study
- possible order effects
What are 3 disadvantages of the between-subject design?
- requires more participants in total
- greater subject variability and noise in the data
- possible selection bias
What is selection bias?
refers to a distortion in research outcomes caused by the non-random or biased selection of participants for a study, leading to a sample that is not representative of the entire population of interest.
What are order effects?
the phenomenon where the sequence in which stimuli, treatments, or questions are presented can influence participants’ responses
What is counterbalancing?
method technique used to control for “order effects” by systematically varying the order in which participants experience different conditions in a study
What are carryover effects?
when the impact of one experimental condition or treatment continues to influence the results of a subsequent condition in a study
What is variance?
differences in the score on the DV
What type of variances is one where the differences in the DV that are caused by the IV in the study?
- primary variance
What is secondary variance?
- differences in the DV that are caused by anything else
What is a confound?
- a variable that is systematically related to both the IV and DV
What are four possible sources of confounds?
- individual/subject differences
- environmental differences
- stimulus differences/IV differences
- differences in measurement of DV
What are some examples of individual/ subject differences?
- gender
- ethnicity
- age
- school
What are some examples of environmental differences?
- time of day
- room
- lab vs school
What is an example of stimulus differences?
- different definition of a variable
how can we combat counter-effects in within subject designs
-counter balancing which is changing the order of things
what is the problem of counter balancing in within subject design
-carry over effects which is when the effects of the first condition lingers
how can we combat selection bias
-use random assignment or match participants
