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RMA > Experimental Methods > Flashcards

Experimental Methods Flashcards

1
Q

what is an experiment?

A

manipulation of one or more variables

determine the effect of the manipulation

test cause effect between variables

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2
Q

what are the two types of hypotheses

A
  1. alternative / experimental
  2. null
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3
Q

what is alternative hypothesis?

A

treatment leads to effect

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4
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

treatment does not lead to effect

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5
Q

what is the relationship between a dependant variable and independent variable?

A

manipulating the independent variable changes the value of the dependant variable

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6
Q

what is a nuisance variable?

A

additional factor that affects the dependant variable

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7
Q

how do you deal with a nuisance variable?

A

turn it into a control variable
randomly assign ppt to groups
counterbalancing
include a control group

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8
Q

what is an experimental group?

A

group receiving the important level of the independent variable

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9
Q

what is a control group?

A

untreated comparison group

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10
Q

what to do if you have more than one independent variable?

A

change a nuisance variable into an IV
and include in one experiment

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11
Q

advantages of experiments

A

relative strong test of causality
possibility of a variant of manipulative controls

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12
Q

disadvantages of experiments

A

unnatural settings & tasks
reactivity
some phenomena cannot be studied under controlled conditions
ethical limitations

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13
Q

what does within subjects design mean

A

repeated measures - all ppt recieve all levels of independent variable

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14
Q

what does between subjects design mean?

A

independent groups - different groups receive different levels of the IV

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15
Q

what to do if nuisance variable varies across all levels of the independant variable?

A

hold the variable constant for all ppt

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16
Q

what to do if the nuisance variable varies across the ppt?

A

randomly assign ppt to conditions

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17
Q

give 2 other ways to deal with nuisance variables?

A
  1. counterbalancing
  2. include a control group
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18
Q

why is testing more than one IV in one experiment better than several experiments (3)

A
  1. more efficient
  2. better control of nuisance variables
  3. results often more representative of behaviour
19
Q

whats the difference between nuisance and confounding variables?

A

nusiance variables BECOME confounding variables when their effects differ between the conditions

20
Q

3 advantages of between subject design

A
  1. no order effects
  2. some experiments can only be between
  3. naive participants
21
Q

2 disadvantages of between subject design?

A
  1. lots of ppt needed
  2. individual differences
22
Q

how to counteract disadvanatges (2)

on between subject

A
  1. random assignment
  2. match ppt on characteristics
23
Q

2 advantages of within subject design?

A
  1. fewer ppt needed
  2. reduced individual differences
24
Q

disadvantages of within subject design

A
  1. carryover effects - effect over one carries on to next session
25
Q

how to counteract within subject design disadvantages?

A

counterbalancing
random order
latin square design

26
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A

one or more independant variable selected but not manipulated

27
Q

advantage of quasi experiments?

A

can examine variables that would be unethical to manipulate

28
Q

disadvantage of quasi experiments

A

no strong conclusion about cause and effect

29
Q

how to improve quasi experiments? (2)

A
  1. match ppt
  2. if treatment study - test before and after
30
Q

what are the 3 sampling types?

A
  1. random
  2. stratified
  3. quota
31
Q

what is random sampling?

A

everybody has a equal chance of being selected

32
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

random selection of each subgroup of the population

33
Q

what is quota sampling?

A

representative sample that meets targets

34
Q

what are psycho physiological measurements?

A

testing the effect of psychological variables on physiological processes

35
Q

whats one example of psycho physiological measurements?

A

brain imaging

36
Q

what does brain imaging do?

A

look at localisation and timing of brain functions

37
Q

what are three ways to measure the brain?

A
  1. EEG
  2. ERP
  3. FMRI
38
Q

what is a EEG (electroencephalography)

A

electrodes placed on scalp
detect and measure patterns of electrical activity

39
Q

advantages of EEG (2)

A
  1. excellent temporal resolution
  2. relatively inexpensive
40
Q

disadvantages of EEG (3)

A
  1. poor spatial resolution
  2. artifacts from eye movements ect
  3. surface activity only
41
Q

what is a fmri
(functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

2D and 3D view of the brain
measures the amount of blood oxygen

42
Q

advantages of fmri (2)

A
  1. excellent spatial resolution
  2. accesses all areas of the brain
43
Q

disadvantages of fmri (4)

A
  1. poor temporal resolution
  2. expensive
  3. claustrophobia inside scanner
  4. ppt must not move

RMA (7 decks)

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