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Research methods > Experimental design > Flashcards

Experimental design Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ceiling effect?

A

Task is too easy, scores are all high

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2
Q

What is the floor effect?

A

Task is too difficult, all scores very low

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3
Q

Experimental design

A

Process of constructing experiments and the resulting of the structure

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4
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which a research finding fan be generalised to other situations

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5
Q

Operationalisation

A

The process of deciding how to manipulate and/or measure independent and dependent variables

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6
Q

Between-subjects manipulation

A

Systematic change to an independent variable where different participants are exposed to different levels of that variable by the experimenter

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7
Q

Manipulation check

A

A dependent measure that checks that manipulation of the independent variable has been successful

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8
Q

Within-subject manipulation

A

Systematic change to na independent variable where the same participants are exposed to different levels of that variable by the experimenter

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9
Q

Relevance-sensitivity trade-off

A

The principle that the more relevant a dependent variable is to the issue in which a researcher is interested, the less sensitive it may be to variation in the independent variable

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10
Q

What percentage of research papers in psych used undergrad first years as their participants?

A

80%

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11
Q

Matching

A

Process of attempting to remove systematic differences between experimental groups on variables not of primary interest but considered likely to produce differences in a dependent variable

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12
Q

Naive empiricism

A

The process of directly generalising research findings to other settings and samples, without basing that generalisation on a theory or explanation of the research findings

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13
Q

History effects

A

Threats to internal validity posed by events occurring between two experimental observations. These events can be of both major import or relatively mundane

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14
Q

Instrumentation effects

A

Threats to internal validity arising from changes in dependent variables and materials used to record them

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15
Q

Maturation effects

A

Threats to internal validity posed by the capacity for the passage of time to produce changes in the participants between two experimental observations

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16
Q

Mortality effects

A

Threats to internal validity created by the selective withdrawal of participants from an experiment

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17
Q

Order effects

A

Experimental effects that result from sequencing of experimental treatments or the completion of dependent measures

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18
Q

Post-test

A

An observation made after an experimental treatment

19
Q

Practice effects

A

A special case of maturation effects where performance on a post test is improved as a result of the practice gained from performing pre test

20
Q

Pre-test

A

An observation made before an experimental treatment

21
Q

Reactivity

A

Change in dependent variables caused by obtaining responses on those dependent variables

22
Q

Regression to the mean

A

The tendency for observations and responses that are extreme on one measure to be closer to the mean on another measure. If this problem is not recognised, it constitutes a threat to internal validity

23
Q

selection effects

A

Threats to internal validity posed by assigning participants to conditions on a non-random bias

24
Q

Testing effects

A

threats to internal validity that arise when response on one dependent measure affect responses on another

25
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Systematic variation in the order in which participants respond to dependent measures or receive treatments.

26
Q

Fatigue effects

A

A case of maturation effects where performance on a post test deteriorates as a result of boredom or tiredness from a pre test

27
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

A threat to internal validity posed by peoples awareness that they are participating in research. The findings arise from the awareness that research is being done. A case of reactivity

28
Q

Blind experimental

A

A control for experimenter bias by making the experimenter unaware of the condition of which participants have been assigned

29
Q

Concealment

A

A research strategy similar to deception the involves giving participants limited information about a study

30
Q

Cover story

A

Information about the supposed purpose of a piece of research

31
Q

Deception

A

the strategy of misleading participants in order to conceal the purpose of the study and avoid reactivity.

32
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues that convey an experimental hypothesis to participants

33
Q

Experimenter bias

A

a threat to external validity that arises when experimenters construct or conduct an experiment in such a way that it unfairly tests an experimental hypothesis

34
Q

Interaction

A

A situation where the effect of one IV depends on the level of another

35
Q

What is statistical conclusion validity

A

The degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct

36
Q

What is construct validity

A

Adequate manipulations of IV and appropriate measures of DV

37
Q

What is ecological validity

A

The extent to which results can be generalised to other environments

38
Q

What is naive empiricism

A

To not validate the theory and apply the theory to the real world

39
Q

What is a carryover effect

A

One sequence of conditions produces different results than another sequence

40
Q

What is complete counterbalancing

A

Do you every possible sequence in the conditions

41
Q

What is partial counterbalancing

A

Do a couple of possible combinations of conditions

42
Q

What an acquiescence tendency

A

Participant changing behaviour in order to please experimenter and do what is expected

43
Q

what is blocked random assignment?

A

Guarantees equal number of participants per group
Ensures that each condition has participant in it before any other condition is repeated – each block contains all conditions in a randomised order

Research methods (8 decks)

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