Experiment 2: DNA Sequence Polymorphism Flashcards
The DNA sequences of genomes is _____.
Dynamic
How will this experiment differ from the first experiment?
In this experiment, sequence differences among individuals of the SAME species will be investigated.
Define Polymorphism
If two individuals have sequence differences at the same place in the genome, it is called polymorphism.
What is a difference of one nucleotide in a polymorphism called?
A difference of one nucleotide is called a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
What is an example of an SNP in humans? Go in detail.
The mutation that results in sickle cell anemia is due to SNP: the normal allele has a glutamic acid codon (GAG) whereas the mutant allele has a valine (GTG) codon at exactly the same place in the protein. This is an example of a non synonymous mutation and, in this case, it is detrimental to protein function.
Do SNPs usually change the protein sequence?
No (like TTT and TTC code for phenylalanine).
Define Non synonymous mutation.
A nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. NA
Define Synonymous Mutation
A nucleotide mutation that does NOT alter the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Many synonymous mutations occur at the _____ of a codon
Third Position
What are the different types of Polymorphisms?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-Insertion/Deletion-Transposable Elements (TEs)
Define Insertion/Deletion
Occurs when one or more nucleotide of DNA is present in one individual and absent in another.
SNPs and Indels are the results of errors during the _____ process.
DNA Replication
Define Transposable Elements
DNA sequences that move from one location on the genome to another. They are divided into autonomous and non-autonomous.
Explain everything important about Autonomous and Non-Autonomous Transposable Elements
The autonomous element contains the gene encoding transposase enzyme (TPase) necessary for movement of both the autonomous and non autonomous elements. The non-autonomous element lacks a functional TPase gene and depends on the autonomous element for movement.
What do the arrows at the ends of the autonomous and non-autonomous transposable elements represent?
Terminal Inverted Repeats
Define Terminal Inverted Repeats (TIRs)
A single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement. TIRs are binding sites of transposase and it is the action of transposase that results in insertion polymorphism. When a TE moves, polymorphism is generated at the site that it left and at the new insertion site.
One of the big surprises of the genomics era is that TEs account for over _____ of genomic DNA of many species. Most TEs in a genome are _____ meaning that they can no longer _____. Active TEs have often evolved mechanisms to avoid harming the organism. They insert between genes, into other TEs, or into introns.
50%-Inactive-Move
In this experiment, B73 is used as a _____.
Positive Control
What does diploid mean in our experiment?
That the 169020 locus occurs twice.
The strains without TEs are going to be _____ in length.
Smaller
What does the presence of 2 bands entail?
That there is a +/- insertion of the transposable element; heterozygous.
What is the function of primers in PCR?
The primers direct the polymerase to the region of DNA for copying
What is the function of Taq Polymerase in PCR?
the function of Taq Polymerase is to amplify the DNA for the production of multiple copies of DNA. TA
