Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dynamic Genome > Experiment 1: Genetic Information Transfer > Flashcards

Experiment 1: Genetic Information Transfer Flashcards

1
Q

Define Genetic Information Transfer (GIT)

A

The process required to produce a protein or functional RNA using the information stored in genes is called genetic information transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the process of genetic information transfer started?

A

Gene information transfer starts when a gene is turned on or EXPRESSED. The DNA is then transcribed or copied into pre-mRNA using the enzyme RNA Polymerase and the process of transcription. The DNA of the gene is not modified and thus is not converted to mRNA- it is copied or transcribed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the process of mRNA Processing (eukaryotes)?

A

After transcription, the pre-mRNA is processed in three ways: a “cap” is added to the start, a string of adenines is added to the end (poly-A tail) and the pre-mRNA is spliced to remove the introns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Intron

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the coding sequence for a protein in eukaryotic genes continuous?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the coding and non-coding sequences called respectively?

A

Coding: Exon. CE

Non-Coding: Intron (in between the exons) NI. NICE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to introns and exons in the splicing process?

A

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together. (To splice means to join)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does splicing occur?

A

Splicing occurs in a very complex set of proteins and RNAs called the spliceosome. SPR (Spliceosome-Protein-RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in the process of translation?

A

In the cytoplasm, the mRNA meets up with the machine that will decode the mRNA and produce a string of amino acids. This machine is the ribosome and contains both proteins and rRNAS (ribosomal RNA). The sequence of the mRNA is read in groups of three nucleotides (a codon) and the tRNA with the complementary sequence enters the ribosome. An amino acid is attached to the tRNA and the ribosome transfer the amino acid to the growing protein. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA), the protein is released to perform its function and the mRNA can be transplanted again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are control reactions important?

A

If the experiment does not work, the controls provide reasons why.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two types of controls?

A

Negative-Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should be seen with negative controls?

A

No result should be observed. If a result is observed in the negative control, it suggests that an error occurred during the experimental set-up or the reagents used were contaminated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are positive controls used?

A

Positive controls are used to confirm previously characterized results in a new sample or to confirm that all reagents were added properly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do all PCR reactions contain?

A

Enzyme, dNTPs, buffer, and water. EDB-W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the variable reagents in the experiment?

A

Primers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do primers do in the experiment?

A

The primers direct the polymerase to the region of DNA for copying. In this experiment, primers bind around the Actin Gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Transcription

A

The process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information needed to make proteins in a cell. It carries the information from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Translation

A

The process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in the messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it carries tells the cell how to link amino acids together to form proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define DNA

A

The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. Also called deoxyribonucleic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define pre-mRNA

A

The first transcript from a protein coding gene is called a pre-mRNA and contains both introns and exons. Pre-mRNA requires splicing (removal) of introns to produce the final mRNA molecule containing only exons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define mRNA

A

A type of RNA found in cells. MRNA molecules carry the genetic information needed to make proteins. They carry the information from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm where the proteins are made. Also called messenger RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define tRNA

A

A small molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA molecule and growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein. Each time an amino acid is added to the chain, a specific tRNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the protein being synthesized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Splicing

A

The process by which introns, the non coding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Spliceosome

A

A large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Ribosome

A

An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein which is the site of protein synthesis in a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define DNA Polymerase

A

A type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the from of nucleic acid molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, during the process of transcription.

28
Q

Explain the process from DNA to Cell

A

First, we start off with the cell.

Most cells have a nucleus. The nucleus contains the genome. In humans, the genome is split between 23 chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a long strand of DNA, tightly packaged around proteins called histones. Within the DNA, there are sections called genes. These genes contain the instructions for making proteins. When a gene is switched on, an enzyme called RNA Polymerase attaches to the start of the gene.

It moves along the DNA, making a strand of mRNA to free bases in the nucleus. The DNA code determines the order in which the free bases are added to the mRNA. This process is called TRANSCRIPTION.

Before the mRNA can be used for a template for the production of proteins, it needs to be processed. This involves removing and adding sections of RNA. The mRNA then moves out of the nucleus unto the cytoplasm. Protein factories in the cytoplasm called Ribosomes bind to the mRNA. The ribosome reads the code in the mRNA to produce a chain made up of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules carry the amino acids to the ribosome. The mRNA is read three bases at a time. As each triplet is read, a tRNA delivers the corresponding amino acid. This is added to a growing chain of amino acids. Once the last amino acid has been added, the chain folds into a complex 3D shape to form the protein.

29
Q

In the most basic terms, what are the processes of Translation and Transcription? Which comes first?

A

Transcription comes first, then translation.

Transcription is the process of DNA turning into mRNA.

Translation is the process of mRNA turning into protein.

30
Q

In which site of the cell are proteins manufactured?

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

Define Enzymes

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

32
Q

How is a gene defined in this class?

A

A region of the DNA that coeds for proteins.

33
Q

What are genes consisted of?

A

Introns and Exons

34
Q

What is removed during the splicing process?

A

Introns

35
Q

What is going to be compared in the experiment?

A

Genomic DNA and the cDNA of the Actin gene is going to be compared.

36
Q

Is cDNA a naturally occurring thing?

A

No

37
Q

What technique is going to be relied on in order to determine the gene structure?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction. (PCR)

37
Q

Can PCR work with a single stranded piece of DNA?

A

No

38
Q

What are the 2 forms of the Actin Gene?

A

Genomic DNA and cDNA

39
Q

What are the 3 traits of DNA?

A

Variable-Dynamic-Heritable VDH

40
Q

One of the major changes in DNA are _____

A

Mutations

41
Q

Mutations have the potential to lead to _____

A

Cancer

42
Q

Define Vertical Transmission

A

The passing down of traits from generation to generation

43
Q

What are the spaces in between exons called?

A

Introns

44
Q

______ control the expression of the gene.

A

Promoters

45
Q

Which organelle has its own genome in humans? Where do we get it from?

A

Mitochondria-Mothers

46
Q

Is cDNA continuous?

A

Yes

47
Q

cDNA is a copy of _____ (in DNA form)

A

mRNA

48
Q

What is the formula for finding % gel?

A

(Mass/Volume)x100 ; mass is in grams; volume is in mL.

49
Q

What is the relationship between the % associated with the gel and the density of the gel?

A

The higher the %, the more dense the gel; the lower the gel %, the better it is to discriminate larger bonds.

50
Q

What aspect of the DNA gives it a certain charge? What properties does it give it?

A

Sugar Phosphate backbone makes DNA negatively charged; it gives it acidic properties.

51
Q

The buffer that was used to fill the rig is good at _____.

A

Conducting Electricity.

52
Q

How does the increased presence of G’s and C’s in a DNA sequence impact the annealing and Denaturation process?

A

The more G’s and C’s in a sequence, the lower temperature required for annealing; higher temperature is required for Denaturation.

53
Q

What is the temperature range for Annealing?

A

50s to 60s

54
Q

What is the temperature for Denaturation?

A

95 or 98

55
Q

What is the temperature for Extension?

A

72.

56
Q

Define Denaturation in PCR

A

When the double-stranded template DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.

57
Q

Define Annealing in PCR

A

When the temperature is lowered to enable the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA.

58
Q

Define Extension in PCR

A

When the temperature is raised and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq Polymerase enzyme. ET

59
Q

Which DNA of the Actin Gene should be longer?

A

Genomic DNA due to the presence of introns and exons.

60
Q

When doing alignment in the nCBI blast, how should you sort it?

A

Sort by Query Start

61
Q

In Gene Diagrams, what are the numbers on the top?

A

Query # Ranges

62
Q

When you get 1 band as a result of the experiment, what happened?

A

You forgot to add enough DNA, you lost the sample, there was improper loading, or there was leakage.

63
Q

If there are no bands at all as a result of the experiment, what happened?

A

You forgot to add the primers.

64
Q

When doing alignment, what should be done in terms of placement of sequences?

A

The longer sequence should always be on top.

65
Q

Define Primer

A

a short single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis.

66
Q

Define Exon

A

Segments of DNA or RNA that are responsible for coding proteins.

Dynamic Genome (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions