Expansion in Africa 1890-1914 Flashcards
What was the approach of British policy in th e1880s
the empire was largely for strategic or trading purposes
private chartered companies were used to administrate the territories
generally cautious but had some direct intervention
How and why did the British approach change form 1890?
Imperial attitudes changed more in favour of formal intervention, mainly as a result of the press
the Conservative Party, the ‘party of empire’, were determined to uphold Britain’s position in every part of the world. led to wars and ambitious programmes to uphold empire
British protectorates were expanded to provide security for British ports, markets and resources
Berlin conference in 1885-86 established groudrules - as long as ‘effective occupation’ was shown
chartered companies proved increasingly inneffective
HOW did Britain consolidate and expand control in west Africa
Gold Coast - Britain demanded contour of the Ashanti territories as a protectorate, led to the Anglo-Ashanti war of 1896, British victory in defeating indigenous threat
Nigeria - agreement with French in 1890, recognised Frances influence in Madagascar, diminished the threat of France in this area, British rule replaced the administration of the royal Niger Company
How did Britain consolidate and Expand in East Africa?
British East Africa (Kenya) exploited internal disputes to gain control, eventually leading to its formal annexation. Construction of the Ugandan railway further solidified British power in the region
Uganda - the rich soil and access to Lake Victoria made a helpful area for exploitation and trade
Zanzibar - British intervention aimed to maintain control of trader routes in the Indian Ocean, Swift action abasing Sultan Khalid was to deter other powers in the reigon
Somaliland - significantly important in its location to the Red Sea and to the Suez, British control was also to counteract other powers in the region
what was the situation like int eh Sudan by 1895
The Maddest revolt against the Egyptian government had left the area weakened.
Khalifa Abdulha succeeded the Mhaddi and sought to bring the peoples of the Sudan together under but the state was plagued with disease and famine
Why did Britain decide to invade the Sudan?
As a result of the crumble of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt became increasingly more involved with Britain. As such, By 1889, Pm Salisbury accepted Egypt as a permanent responsibility and priority of imperial policy - therefore had interest in southern regions
between 1888 and 1898 the river Neal had become an integral part of a game of chess between governments of Britain, Germany, France and Italy
led to Salisbury signing a treaty with Germany in 1890 for German control of Tanganyika and British control of Kenta and Uganda
In 1894 King Leopold pledged not to push his boundaries into the upper Nile
Italians advanced into the Red Sea, which diverted the attention of the Khalifa, therefore benefiting the British
in 1891, italy promised to not intervene in the Nile Valley
Salisbury then had reason for a campaign in the Sudan, which was sold to the Public to avenge Gordons death
how did Britain gain control of the Sudan?
General Kitchener, head of the Egyptian army in 1896, was given orders to penetrate Sudanese territories.
Kitchener found personal reasons to avenge Gordon, he told his troops to ‘regard the enemy as vermin - not fit to live’
resounding success at the battle of Omdimon 2nd September 1898
after the battle Kitchener ordered the destruction of the Maddest tomb and carried out the head of the Mhaddi
What was the Fashoda incident 1898?
Salisbury ordered kitchen to go to Fashoda on the headwaters of the Nile, where the a French expedition had arrived, they both pressed claims to the area
Kitchener handled the French courteously, raising the Egyptian flag and was praised for how he handled the incident
the British press presented the incident as if Britain were on the brink of war
Fortunately, the French withdrew from the situation, preserving their honour and preserving their global power by not isolating themsself as an enemy to Britain
By an agreement in 1899 the French promised to stay out of the Nile Valley
How was the Sudan governed after the inquest>
in 1899 an agreement between Britain and Egypt, whereby the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established
this agreement was known as a Condominium, which mean a British run Sudna, with Egyptian support
Lord Kitchener became the first governor General of the Sudan
Kitchener awarded 30,000 pounds for his handling go the Sudan
Despite Egyptian ambition, Britain frustrated chances of unification in the area
How did the British empire expand in Rhodesia and Nyasaland?
Rhodes had established a British presence in South Sambesia, became known as Southern Rhodesia in 1895, after Rhodes used force
The British had sought control of Nyasaland which was opened up by Livingston and settled by Scottie missionaries, 1891 were able to establish control, operated under the Control of the Rhodes British South Africa Company until 1907, when it became a protectorate
Why did Britain seek a British Confederation of the Boer
idea was proposed by the Cape Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes and Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain due to German advancements in Southern Africa
at the same time in 1895 Uitlanders, who were working in the gold mines, were having their rights restricted by the Kruger government of the Boers, the Uitlanders outnumbered the boers and contributed to 9/20 of the tax, gave reason for British intervention
What happened at the Jameson raid and what were its consequences.?
on the 39th of December 1895, Dr Jameson launched a raid on the Boer governed Transvaal, under the unofficial order of Rhodes
the raid of 500 men, who were inexperienced and untrained and only lasted until the 2nd January 1896
too many people had known of the raid, despite its aimed secrecy, and plans kept changing
the jemason raid became a complete failure, and despite its unofficial link with Rhodes, the British empire was criticised, led to Rhodes resignation Fromm his post in the Cape Colony
Kruger became a people’s hero and remaining in their territory, formed an anti-British ‘Afrikaners Board’
kaiser Wildelm of Germany wrote a congratulatory letter to Paul Kruger
What was the Second Boer War 1899-1902?
Kruger began to import arms on a large scale form Germany,
Anglo-Boer relations broke down in 1899 and the boers launched an attack on British territory, besieging ldysmith in Natal
Boers had some initial success in 1898 with ‘black week’ and the ‘Battle of spoon Kop’
but the British pouted in 400,000 troops at the cost of 250million
Kitchener used the Blockhouse system and concentration camps to gain control of the land form the Boers
. poor conditions and deaths in the concentration camps led to public outrage following the Emily Hobhouse report, Britain were criticised and condemned. German and Dutch reported Britain as baby killers as 2.3 in the concentration camps were children under the age of 20
the Peace of Vereeniging May 1902 ended the war, boers acknowledged themselves as British subjects, Boer republic became British colonies with he promise of responsible self-government
responsible self-govenrment was granted in 1905 and the Union of South Africa became a British Dominion
