Exp 6 Flashcards
Taken orally are used commonly for relieving pain like headache menstrual pain, toothache back pain and arthritis
Analgesics
Examples of analgesics
Paracetamol - (Acetaminophen)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) - Salicylates
• Narcotic drugs - Morphine
Synthetic drugs with narcotic properties - Tramadol
Morphine is a?
Narcotic drug
What are the other names for paracetamol
Acetaminophen - N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)
Acetaminophen - U.S namng
Paracetamol - British naming
What are the characteristics of paracetamol
White, crystalline powder and odorless
What is the melting point of paracetamol
About 170 C
Molar mass of paracetamol
- 163g/mol
Formula name of APAP
P-aminophenol - C8H9NO2
A mild analgesic, antipyretic and not an NSAID
Paracetamol
What 3 functional groups paracetamol have?
Hydroxyl group
Amide group
Aromatic group
Paracetamol may prevent the release of what substances?
Prostaglandins
This substance increases pain and body temperature
prostaglandins
what is paracetamol used for?
Arthritis
Backache
Cold and flu symptoms
Fever
Headache
Muscle pain
Toothache
is the paracetamol dose or children and adult are the same?
No, dose would be different according to WHO.
What organ can paracetamol damage when it is always used
It can cause serious injury to the liver
Alcohol with paracetamol cause alcoholic liver diseases faster than only alcohol do
What is the recommended daily dose of paracetamol
4000mg
Taking more than 4000mg daily dose of paracetamol cause sever damage of the liver and kidney functions
What dosage forms are available for paracetamol?
Chewable tablet
Tablet
Syrup/suspension/solution
capsule
Intravenous
suppository
What to do if the dosage form is a suspension?
Shake well before using.
Do you need to shake syrup or solution forms of paracetamol?
No, do not need to shake.
Who administers intravenous paracetamol?
This dosage form will be given by a registered medical practitioner only.
What are the first signs of paracetamol poisoning
Confusion
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Stomach Pain, sweating
Vomiting, weakness
This are the other symptoms of paracetamol poisoning
Dark urine
Pain in upper stomach
Whitening in you eyes
Yellowing of the skin
These are disadvantages of paracetamol therapy
Therapeutic index (often not efficient at a low dose)
Long term use may cause:
Hepatoxicity
High BP
Increase prevalence heart infraction
Low anti inflammatory action
Metabolized to a toxic metabolite
Renal functioning disoder
Toxic metabolite of paracetamol
NAPQI - N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone
Based on the ferric chloride test,, what is the positive test of paracetamol
It give off Violet-blue color
2fe(III) + paracetamol = 2Fe(II) + N-acetyl-p-benzoquion imine
In potassium dichromate test what is the color produced and why
Green color due to acetic acid produced
Hydrolysis of paracetamol in acidic environment produced an
amine (P-aminophenol) and carboxylic acid (acetic acid)
